Week 2 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
Thinking about Thinking
A
- Daniel Kahneman wrote Thinking Fast and Slow
- Divide thinking into 2 Systems
- System 1 - Fast, automatic, effortless, happens to you, prone to bias e.g. 2 + 2 = 4, Bacon & . . . . Eggs
- System 2 - Slow, deliberate, takes effort, critical thinking happens here. e.g. 17x29 = ?
2
Q
What is critical thinking?
A
A form of judging situations that is purposeful and reflective
- Considers the evidence
- Context of judgement
- Criteria of judgement
- Theories and constructs for understanding
3
Q
Learning occurs in Two Phases
A
- Basic ideas, principles and theories that are in the content
- Applying critical thinking to engage in learning and then applying knowledge from phase one
4
Q
What is Learning
A
- Learning is relativley permanent change in behaviour brought about by repeated experience
- Is not brought about by instinct, maturation or the condition of the person i.e. fatigued, under the influence of drugs
5
Q
Pragmatism
A
- Says that theories and practice cannot be separate and distinguished
- Both are needed to understand the world
- Didn’t like introspection and intuition because they could not be measured
- Be careful about adding and reason why a behaviour happens if we cannot observe that reason happening
6
Q
Different Branches of Behaviourism
A
- Methodological
- Radical
- Theoretical
7
Q
Methodological Behaviourism
A
- Private events exist
- They are subjective and should be ignored
8
Q
Radical Behaviourism
A
- Private events exist
- They are controlled by the same processes that control our overt behaviours
9
Q
Theoretical Behaviourism
A
- Private events exist
- Are controlled by the same processes as overt events
- AND the can influence our overt behaviour
10
Q
Associative Learning
A
- Classical Conditioning
- Learning by making associations
- Creates Conditioned Responses to Unconditioned and or Neutral Stimulus
11
Q
Hebbs 1949
A
- Neurons that fire together wire together
- if a presynaptic neuron repeatedly fires the next neuron then the next neuron will modify itself and will be more easily excited when it receives the same charge.
- Long Term Potentation (LTP)
- Long Term Depression (LTP)
12
Q
Computational Model of Learning
A
- Rescola-Wagner 1972
- Theory of how much and event that occurs gives the organism a surprise.
- Associative learning helps subject to align their expectations with reality
- Learning will happen if when trying something it does not meet the expected outcome
- Expectation of each attempt is based on what we predict will happen OR the strength of the association of the stimuli
- The more salient (important) the CS the faster we will learn
13
Q
Rescola-Wagner 1972 Alpha Value
A
- The higher the Alpha Value (a) the more the animal is paying attention
- The higher the attention the faster the level
14
Q
Rescola-Wagner 1972 Learning Value - ∆V
A
- The higher the attention (a) the faster Learning (∆V) will be.
15
Q
Rescola-Wagner 1972 Learning Value - ∆V
A
16
Q
A
- The higher the attention (a) the faster Learning (∆V) will be.
18
Q
The Operant as described by Skinner
A
Discriminatie Stimulus ⇒
OR
S ⇒ R ⇒ 0
20
Q
Schedules of Reinforcement
A
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ration
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
