Week 1 - Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
Rene Descartes
A
- Cogito, ergo sum
- I Think, Therefore I am.
- He found that he could not doubt that he himself existed, as he was the one doing the doubting in the first place.
- 17th Century
2
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
- We are looking at what the brain does (mind) rather than how it does it (physiology)
3
Q
What does the mind do?
A
- Mental Processes such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, decision making, thinking and reasoning.
- Creates a representation of the world so we can interact with it.
4
Q
Donders 1868
A
- Interested in how long it takes a person to make a decision
- Found Processes with complicated mental processes had longer reaction times (RT)
- Simple RT was the time it takes someone to make a decision
- Choice RT was about 1/10th longer than Simple RT
5
Q
Reaction Times
A
- Processes with more mental requirements have longer reaction times
6
Q
Wilhelm Wundt 1879
A
- Established first Psychology lab in leipzig Germany
- Developed Structuralism
- Used the method of Analytic Introspection
7
Q
Behaviourism
A
- Invisible mental processes are not really valid
- Study what we can observe
8
Q
Watson & Rayner 1920
A
- Behaviourists
- Little Albert
- Pairing one stimulus with another can affect behaviour
- Behaviour can be analysed without refering to the mind
9
Q
BF Skinner
A
- Developed Operant Conditioning
- Behaviour is shaped by the outcome of rewards or punishments
- Studied pigeons who turned three times in order to get food
10
Q
Information Processing - The mind as a Flowchart
A
- Input → Input Processor → Memory Unit → Arithmetic Unit → Output
- Input → Filter → Detector → To Memory → Output
11
Q
Two main types of Models in Cognitive Psychology
A
- Structural Models - Represent Structures in the brain and how they are connected
- Process Models - Illustrates how a mental process operates
12
Q
Inferring in Psychology
A
- Mental Processes are invisible and cannot be measured
- We can infer mental processes based on observing behaviour
- We can infer mental processes by measuring brain reactions via fMRI or EEG Scans
13
Q
Tulving - Long Term Memory Model
A
- Divides Long-Term Memory into 3 components
- Episodic Memory - Events
- Semantic Memory - Facts
- Procedural Memory - Physical Action
14
Q
Ebbinghaus (1885)
A
- Interested in how quickly things we learn are lost over time
- Learned a list of nonsense words and counted how many repetitions it took to memorise the list
- Then later he would try to recall the list.
- Remembered words were called Savings
- Savings = (original time to learn a list) - (Time to relearn list after delay)
15
Q
William James (1890)
A
- Wrote Principles of Psychology
- Used observations of his own mind
- considered cognitive topics of what the mind does eg: thinking, consciousness, attention, memory, PAMELDT
- Developed Functionalism
16
Q
Ebbinghaus (1885)
A
- Interested in how quickly things we learn are lost over time
- Learned a list of nonsense words and counted how many repetitions it took to memorise the list
- Then later he would try to recall the list.
- Remembered words were called Savings
- Savings = (original time to learn a list) - (Time to relearn list after delay)
17
Q
Behaviourism
A
- Psychology should only study observable behaviour
- Thought the mind and mental functions were less important
18
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
- Suggests behaviour is shaped by outcomes of other behaviours like punishment and reward
- Developed at a time when nearly all psychology was behavioural psychology
19
Q
Cognitive Psychology Timeline
A
20
Q
Tolman Cognitive Map
A
- Found rats who were exposed to a map before having food placed in it learned to find food faster than rats who had no prior knowledge of the maze
- Rats generated maps of the maze without any kind of reinforcement
- learning was already present even without the food reward - (operant conditioning)
21
Q
In learning and behaviour we try to show “what happened before” that has influenced “what happened after”
A
22
Q
Chomsky (1959)
A
- Argument that everyone is born with an innate ability to learn language
- This deals a heavy blow to behaviouralism
- States that a mental process exists without behavioural influences
- Some say that Chomsky’s criticism of Skinner was not objective and Skinner never rebuffed his criticism
23
Q
Behavioral psychologists now recognise that we need to factor in the mind when we are studying behaviours
A
Learning and behaviour plays a huge role in cognitive processes
24
Q
Successful therapies have been developed by combining cognitive and behavioural theories together as well as separately
A
25
How does cognitive psychology talk about the mind in a scientific way?
* Information processing similar to a computer
* Input ⇒ Input Processor ⇒ Memory Unit ⇒ Arithmetic Unit ⇒Output
* Input ⇒⇒⇒ Filter ⇒Detector ⇒ To Memory
26
Types of models of information processing
* Structural Modes
* Process Models
27
Structural Models of Information Processing
Represent **Structures** in the brain and how they are connected
eg: lens to retina to receptors to brain
27
Structural Models of Information Processing
Represent **Structures** in the brain and how they are connected
eg: lens to retina to receptors to brain
28
Process Models of Information Processing
Demonstrate how a Process works and operates
eg: Input ⇒ Sensory Memory ⇒ Short-Term Memory ⇒ Long-Term Memory ⇒ Output
29
Atkinson & Schiffrin
* STM has limited capacity only holds info for a short time
* Information can be retained is STM via Rehearsal
* Some info from STM can be passed to LTM
Input ⇒Sensory Memory ⇒Short-term Memory OR Output ⇒ Long-term Memory
30
Tulving 1972
* Long Term Memory Model breaks LTM further into three components
1. Episodic Memory - Life Events
2. Semantic Memory - Facts
3. Procedural Memory - Physical Actions
31
Physiology of Cognition
* All behaviour and mental processes have a foundation in the physical body
* Research on the body, mind and brain support each other
32
Combining Behaviour, Brain and Mind
* Changes in brain physiology must be observed with changes in behaviour
* Palmer 1975 - Presented context scene experiment
33
What is the Forgetting Curve
* Measures the decline memory retention over time.
* Information is lost over time when there is no effort to retain it.
34
What is Latent Learning
* Edward Tolman
* "**learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning**, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear.
OR
* Learning that occurs that is not demonstrated until there is a need or circumstance that prompts recall of that learning. eg tolman's rats
35
What is a Cognitive Map?
* Edward Tolman
* A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
