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2112 - Foundational Cognition > Week 1 - TextBook > Flashcards

Week 1 - TextBook Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Difference between Mind and Brain?

A
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2
Q

How does the Mind and Brain interact?

A

The interaction about what the mind perceives and does and how the brain processes external and internal stimulus

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3
Q

How Should I go About Thinking About the Mind

A
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4
Q

What Does Previous Research Tell us About the Mind

A
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5
Q

How should I, as a Psychologist, think about the mind?

A
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6
Q

Franciscus Donders

A
  • Dutch Psychologist
  • Founded first scientific laboratory to study the mind
  • Did the first cognitive psychology experiment
  • Cognitive Psychology did not become mainstream till 1967
  • Measured Decision Making and Reaction times
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7
Q

William Wundt

A
  • 1879 Leipzig Germany
  • Structuralism
  • combined basic elements of experience and coined term SENSATIONS
  • Wanted to create “periodic table of the mind”
  • Used Analytic Introspection - Describing their experience and thought processes in response to stimuli
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8
Q

Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiment

A
  • What is the Course of Forgetting?
  • 1885-1913
  • Used quantative measure method for measureing memory
  • Interested in nature of memory and forgetting
  • How quickly is learned information lost over time
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9
Q

William James’ Principles of Psychology

A
  • Observations about the mind
  • Paying attention to one thing involves withdrawing attention from other things
  • reported on observations of his own experience
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10
Q

John Watson

A
  • Abandoned the study of the mind
  • Founded behaviourism which only studies observable behaviour
  • Was frustrated by Analytical Introspection
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11
Q

Early Work in Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Donders experiment: How long does it take to make a decision
  • Wundt’s Psychology Laboratory: Structuralism and Analytic Introspection
  • Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiment: What is the time course of forgetting?
  • William James’s Principles of Psychology
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12
Q

Abandoning the Study Of the Mind

A
  • Watson founds Behaviourism
  • Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
  • Setting the Stage for the Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology
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13
Q

Rebirth of the Study of the Mind

A
  • Paradigm Shifts
  • Introduction of the Digital Computer
  • Flow Diagrams for Computers
  • Flow Diagrams for the Mind
  • Artificial Intelligence and Informaiton Theory
  • The Cognitive “Revolution” Took a while
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14
Q

The Evolution of Coginitive Psychology

A
  • What Neisser Wrote
  • Studying Higher Mental Processes
  • Studying the Physiology of Cognition
  • New Perspectives on Behaviour
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15
Q

What does the mind do? (7)

A

The mind creates and controls mental functions such as:

  • Perception
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • emotions
  • Language
  • Decision making
  • Thinking & Reasoning
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16
Q

Definition of the Mind

A

A system that creates a representation of the world so that we can interact in it and set and achieve goals

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17
Q

How do the mind and brain interact

A

The interaction about what the mind perceives and does and how the brain processes external and internal stimulus

18
Q

Two ways of thinking mind and brain

A
  1. The first is what the mind does such as perception, attention, memory etc
  2. A system that creates a representation of the experiences of the world
19
Q

Donders Pioneering Experiment

A
  • Studied Decision Making and Reaction times
  • Simple Reaction Time = push button
  • Choice Reaction time = time to choose which button to push
  • Choice RT = CRT-SRT
  • CRT was 1/10 second longer
  • Mental Processes cannot be observed but can be inferred
20
Q

Wundt Psychology Laboratory

A
  • Structuralism
  • Analytic Introspection
  • Wanted to create a periodic table of the mind
21
Q

Ebbinghaus Memory Experiment

A
  • What is the Time Course of Forgetting?
  • Studied himself
  • Learned nonsense words and measured how long it took to learn
  • After a period of delay measured how long it would take to memorise again
  • Relearning was faster than the first time
  • Savings = (Original time to learn the list) minus
  • (Time to relearn the list after the delay).*
  • Savings drops rapidly up to 2 days then levels off around 30 days
22
Q

William James - Principles of Psychology

A
  • Observed mental processes such as attention
  • Used Analytic Introspection
    *
23
Q

Early Pioneers in Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Donders 1868
  • Wundt 1879
  • Ebbinghaus 1885
  • James 1890
24
Q

Abandoning Study of the Mind

A
  • Analytic Introspection was disregarded
  • Psychology now focused on Behaviour that could be observed and measured
  • Mental Processes were considered not relevant and should be ignored
25
Q

Watson Found Behaviourism

A
  • Was disillusioned by Analytic Introspection
  • Wrote “psychology as the Behaviourist sees it”
  • Sought to only study observable behaviour
  • Little Albert Experiment
26
Q

Problems with Analytic Introspection

A
  • Results were widely varied from person to person
  • Difficult to verify because they were “invisible” qualities
27
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Associations and pairing of stimulus can change behaviour
  • Pavlov’s Dog Experiment
28
Q

BF Skinner

A
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Made pigeons press a button
  • Positive & Negative reinforcements
  • Punishment & rewards
    *
29
Q

Edward Chace Tolman

A
  • Early Cognitive Psychology pioneer
  • Used behaviour to infer mental processes
  • Demonstrated the Cognitive Map in rats
30
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • Challenged Skinner’s idea that children learn language through Operant Conditioning
  • Children say things that they have not been rewarded for (I hate you Mummy)
  • Children make similar grammar errors that have never been reinforced (he hitted the ball)
  • Said language development was innate in the child
  • Language development was biological in nature and existed across languages and cultures
31
Q

Paradigm Shift in Psychology and the Mind

A
  • We need to study observable behaviour AND ask what does behaviour tell us about how the mind works
  • Study moved away from Behaviourism to Cognitive Psychology in a gradual way
32
Q

Thomas Kuhn

A
  • Wrote book “Structure of Scientific Revolutions”
  • Devised a Paradigm Shift stating that a scientific revolution involves a shift from one System of thinking to Another
33
Q

Introduction of the Digital Computer

A
  • Flow diagrams for Computer Processing became analogies for Mental Processes
  • A way to analyse mental operations through processing stages
34
Q

Timeline - Cognitive Revolution

A
  • 1948 - Tolman Cognitive Map
  • 1953 - Cherry Attention Experiment
  • 1954 - First Digital Computer
  • 1956 - Dartmouth & MIT conferences on Artificial Intelligence
  • 1957 - Skinner; Verbal Behaviour
  • 1958 - Broadbent Flow Diagram
  • 1958 - Chomsky: Review Skinners Verbal Behaviour
  • 1967 - Neisser: First Cognitive Psychology textbook
35
Q

Ulrich Neisser

A
  • First Cognitive Psychology Textbook
  • Mostly dedicated to vision and hearing
  • Coined term Higher Mental Processes
  • Did not study physiology and mental processes
36
Q

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Model of Memory

A
  • Developed Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory & Long-term Memory
  • Talked about Rehearsal for processing information in STM
  • Some memory from STM can move into LTM
37
Q

Tulving 1972

A
  • Divided Long-term Memory into 3 subcategories
  • Episodic - Life events
  • Semantic - Facts
  • Procedural - Physical actions
38
Q

Studying Physiology of Cognition

A
  • Neuropsychology
  • Electrophysiology
39
Q

Brain Imaging Techniques

A
  • With new technology we became able to measure brain activity
  • This created a new technology revolution of physiological study of the brain
    *
40
Q

Stephen Palmer 1975

A
  • Created the Context Experiment
  • Showed people could identify objects more easily if they were also given context for the object
41
Q

Encoding

A

What is happening as we learn new material

42
Q

Retreival

A

What is happening when You remember material

2112 - Foundational Cognition (19 decks)

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