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2112 - Foundational Cognition > Week 1 - Slides > Flashcards

Week 1 - Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mind?

A
  • Underneath the brain and nervous system
  • Not just 3 pounds of matter
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2
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Branch of psychology concerned with scientific study of the mind
  • Mind cannot be observed directly
  • Mind must be inferred by measuring what we can observe
  • Physiological responses to the world can be measured
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3
Q

Think of the mind in 2 ways

A
  • The mind creates and controls mental functions
    perception, memory, attention, language, thinking, reasoning
  • The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so we can interact with it.
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4
Q

Cognition

A
  • Mental Processes functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning .
  • These are the things the mind does
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5
Q

Basic Principle of cognitive psychology

A
  • The Mind’s operation is inferred by measuring behaviour and physical response
  • The mind cannot be observed directly
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6
Q

Donders 1868

A
  • Interested in how long it took for a person to make decisions
  • More mental processes have longer reaction times
  • Choice RT − Simple RT was the
  • time to make a decision.
  • Choice RT were 1/10th second
  • longer than Simple RT.
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7
Q

Wilhem Wundt 1879

A
  • Developed Structuralism
  • Used Analytic Introspection
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8
Q

Ebbinhaus 1885

A
  • Interested in how quickly learned information is lost over time
  • Learned a nonsense list to see how many repetitions it took to remember
  • Relearned list again after a break the times ho long it would take to relearn the list
  • Savings = (Original time to learn list) −(Time to relearn list after)
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9
Q

William James 1890

A
  • Used observations of his own mind as basis of his book
  • Wrote Principles of psychology
  • Considered cognition included
    • Thinking
    • Consciousness
    • Attention
    • Memory
    • Perception
    • Imagination
    • Reasoning
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10
Q

Watson 1913

A
  • Founded Behaviourism
  • was that psychology was properly studied by measuring observable behaviour, and
  • that invisible mental processes were not valid topics for the study of psychology.
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11
Q

Watson & Rayner 1920

A
  • Little Albert paired furry animals and toys paired with a white rat
  • Studied how one stimulus affects another
  • Demonstrated that behaviour can be
  • analysed without any reference to the mind.
  • Mary Cover Jones used Little Albert’s case to develop the first behaviour therapies.
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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • Behaviour is shaped by the outcome of rewards and punishments
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13
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A
  • 1948 Tolman demonstrates rats have cognitive maps
  • 1953 Cherry shows the nature of selective attention
  • 1954 Computers become available and demonstrate the concept of the mind’s processing functions
  • 1956 Artificial intelligence is studied by Dartmouth and MIT
  • 1959 Early theories of selective attention are proposed
  • 1959 Chomsky argues that we are born with innate capacity for languages which challenges behaviourism
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14
Q

Operation of theMind

A
  • Compares mental processes to information processing similar to a digital computer
  • Operation of the mind occurs in stages
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15
Q

Two Modes of Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Models represent structures or processes
  1. Structural Models: Represent the structures in the brain and how they connect
  2. Process Models: Illustrate how a process operates
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16
Q

Define Cognitive Psychology

A

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with
the scientific study of the mind.

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17
Q

Define Cognition

A
  • Cognition refers to the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory
  • Cognition refers to what the mind does.
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18
Q

What does Cognitive Psychology infer?

A
  • Infers mental processes that are based on measurable processes
  • Behavioural and physiology can be measured
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19
Q

Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing

A
  • Information approach to process mental functions can be compared to Information Processing with a digital computer
  • Models play an essential role in cognitive psychology by
    representing structures or processes.
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20
Q

Atkinson & Shiffrin - Multi-Store Model of Memory 1968

A
  • Information progresses through stages
    • Sensory Memory
    • Short-term Memory
    • Long Term Memory
  • ​Input is described as moving through theses systems via rehearsal and recall
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21
Q

Atkinson & Shriffrin - Sensory Memory

A
  • Input is received
  • Holds incoming Information for a fraction of a second
  • Information is passed to the Short-Term Memory
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22
Q

Atkinson & Shriffrin - Short-Term Memory

A
  • Has limited capacity for retaining information
  • Holds input for a few seconds
  • Information can be retained here via rehearsal
  • Some information can be passed to the Long-Term Memory
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23
Q

Atkinson & Shriffrin - Rehearsal

A
  • The repetition of information to keep it stored in short term memory such as a phone number or a shopping list
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24
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin - Long Term Memory

A
  • Has high capacity system for storing information for long periods of time
  • Can be returned to short term memory as remembering
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25
Q

Tulving 1972 - Long-Term Memory Model

A
  • Distinguishes long-term memory into three components
    • Episodic Memory
    • Semantic Memory
    • Procedural Memory
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26
Q

Tulving 1972 - Episodic Memory

A

Life Events

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27
Q

Tulving 1972 - Semantic Memory

A

Facts

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28
Q

Tulving 1972 - Procedural Memory

A

Physical Actions

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29
Q

Physiology of Cognition

A
  • All behavioural and Mental processes have a basis in physiology
  • Research on the body, mind and brain support one another
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30
Q

Brain Imaging Methods

A
  • CT and MRI scans provide precise images of the brain
  • PET and fMRI scans can map actual activity of the brain over time
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) measures event related potentials
    (ERPs) that are the direct result of a sensory, cognitive or motor event
    • Can measure brain activity with extremely high temporal resolution
  • N100 elicited by auditory stimuli
  • P300 associated with stimulus evaluation and decision making
  • TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
31
Q

Palmer 1975 - The Context Scene

A
  • Presented the context scene
  • Asked participants to identify objects such as A, B, or C.
  • Correct answer was identified 80% of the time
  • Knowledge of objects in an environment influences your ability to identify them
32
Q

Study of the Mind base on . . . .

A
  • The development of sophisticated models of mental processes such as Atkinson and Shriffrin’s model of memory.
  • Research into the physiological basis of behavioural and mental processes using brain imaging technology.
  • Development of behavioural experiments designed to allow researchers to infer mental processes involved in behavioural tasks
33
Q

Cognitive Psychology and the Mind

A
  • The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the Mind
  • The Mind is considered what the brain does, not what the brain is physically.
  • Operation of the mind can’t be observed directly
  • The way the mind works must be inferred through things we CAN measure such as physical changes in the brain or by observing behaviour
34
Q

Think of the Mind in two ways

A
  1. Mental Processes - such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, decision making, thinking & reasoning
  2. A system of Representation - creates a representation of the world so that we can engage within it and achieve goals
35
Q

Donders (1868)

A
  • Interested in how long it takes a person to make decisions
  • Found that decisions with more mental processes tend to have longer reaction times.
  • Choice RT minus Simple RT = Time to make a Decision
  • Result was Choice RT was 1/10th second longer than Simple RT
36
Q
A
  • Donders - 1868
  • Choice RT minus Simple RT = Time to make a decision
  • Found Choice RT was 1/10th second slower than Simple RT
37
Q

Wilhem Wundt 1879

A
  • First psychology Laboratory in Liepzig, Germany
  • Developed Structuralism
  • Used Analytic Introspection
38
Q

Define Analytic Introspection

A
  • Structuralism
  • Wilhem Wundt 1879
  • People are trained to describe their inner feelings, thoughts, sensations and experiences
  • Done in response to some kind of external stimuli.
39
Q

Ebbinghaus 1885

A
  • Interested in memory and the course of forgetting
  • Memorised list of nonsense syllables counted how many repetitions it took to recall the list perfectly
  • After a period time he measured how many repetitions it took to recall the list again
  • Savings = (original time to learn list) minus (Time to relearn list after a delay)
  • Found retention of about 25% over one month
40
Q
A
  • Ebbinghaus 1885
  • Savings = (Origingal time to learn) minus (Time to relearn after delay)
  • Found retention sat around 25% after 1 month delay
41
Q

William James (1890)

A
  • Wrote Principles of Psychology
  • Considered topics of cognition like - thinking, attention, consciousness, memory, perception, imagination and reasoning.
42
Q

Timeline - Rise of Behaviourism

A
43
Q

Watson and Rayner (1920)

A
  • Little Albert Experiment
  • Pairing one stimulus with another can affect behaviour
  • Showed that behaviour can be analysed without referring to the mind
44
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A
  • Studied several children to investigate the best way to remove fear responses in children.
  • Based on the Little Albert experiment
  • Attempted to remove conditioned fear of rats
  • Could a child be counter-conditioned from one stimulus
  • Could counter-conditioning be generalised to other conditioned responses
45
Q

BF Skinner

A
  • Founded Behaviourism
  • Developed Operant Conditioning which says that behaviour is shaped by reward and punishment
  • Behaviourism dominated Psychological study from 30s-60s
46
Q

Timeline of Cognitive Revolution

A
46
Q

Timeline of Cognitive Revolution

A
  • Tolman: Cognitive Map
  • Cherry: Attention Experiment
  • 1954 First Commercial Digital Computer
  • Dartmouth & MIT Conferences
  • Skinner: Verbal Behaviour (language is learned by imitation and operant conditioning)
  • Broadbent: Flow diagram of learning
  • Chomsky: Reviews SKinner’s Verbal Behaviour, Said babies were born with and innate ability to learn language
  • Neisser: First book on cognitive psychology
47
Q

Cognition Today

A
  • Behavioural Psychologists recognise the need to incorporate the mind in study of behaviour
  • Cognitive Psychologists recognise behaviour influences mental processes
  • Both approaches are needed to proved successful therapeutic techniques
48
Q
A
  • Information Processing as a comparison to how the mind operates
49
Q

Two models to Represent Models of the Mind

A
  • Structural Models - Represent structures in the brain and how they are connected
  • Process Models - Demonstrate how the mind processes input and how the Mind Operates
50
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology

A

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with
the scientific study of the mind.

51
Q

Define Cognition

A

Refers to the mental processes, such as perception,
attention, and memory, that are what the mind does.

52
Q

Can we measure Mental Processes

A
  • Mental processes are inferred based on measurable processes.
  • We can measure Behaviour
  • We can measure brain physiology
53
Q

Processes for Studying the Mind

A
  • We can use a model similar to computer processors to describe how we study the mind
54
Q

Types of Models for studying Cognitive Psycholoy

A
  • Strucural Models measure physcial brain changes
  • Process Models represent how the mind processes its mental functions
55
Q

Higher Mental Processes

A
  • Atkinson & Shriffrin’s Model of Memory
  • Deduced that information moves through to memory in three stages
  • Input ⇒ Sensory Memory ⇒ Short-term Memory/Output ⇒Long-Term Memory
  • Rehearsal - A Process where information in the STM is repeated severals times to store in memory for longer time
56
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • Holds information for a fraction of a second the passes this information to the Short-term Memory
57
Q

Short-term Memory

A
  • Limited capacity only holding information for a few seconds
  • Information can be retained here via Rehearsal
  • Some information moves from here to Long-term Memory
58
Q

Long-Term Memory

A
  • High capacity storage system that can hold imformation for long periods of time
  • Information from long-term memory can be returned to short-term memory
  • This is called remembering.
59
Q

Atkinson & Shriffrin’s Memory Model

A
  • The idea that mental processes can be studied by dividing them into subsystems
  • Describes these subsystems and how they relate to each other.
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Short-term Memory
  3. Long-term Memory
60
Q

Long-Term Memory Model

A
  • Tulving 1972
  • Divides the Long-term Memory into 3 components
  1. Episodic Memory
  2. Semantic Memory
  3. Procedural Memory
61
Q
A
  • Tulving 1972
  • Divides Long-term Memory into 3 components
  1. Episodic Memory - Life Events
  2. Semantic Memory - Facts
  3. Procedural Memory - Physical Events
62
Q

Physiology of Cognition

A
  • All behavioral and mental processes have a basis in physiology
  • Research on the body, mind and brain all support one another
63
Q

Brain Imaging Methods

A
  1. CT Scans
  2. MRI Scans
  3. PET Scans
  4. fMRI Scans
  5. Electroencephalography (EEG)
  6. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
64
Q

CT and MRI Scans

A

Provide Precise images of the Brain

65
Q

PET and fMRI Scans

A

Can map actual activity of the brain over time

66
Q

Electroencephalography

A
  • Can measure brain activity with extremely high temporal resolution
  • Measures event-related potentials (ERPs) that are direct result of sensation, cognitive thought or movement
67
Q

Event Related Potential

A
  • Very small voltages in the brain
  • They are responses to specific events or stimuli
  • EEG changes that are time locked to sensory, motor or cognitive events
  • Safe and noninvasive approach to study the brain and mental processes
68
Q
A
  • Event Related Potential
  • N100 - elicited by auditory stimuli
  • P300 - Associated with stimulus evaluation and decision making
69
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A
  • Temporarily enhance or depresses activity in a specific place in the brain
  • Pulsed magnetic area is 2cm
  • Strong results for addiction, depression, autism
70
Q

Combining Behaviour, Brain and Mind

A
  • Changes in brain physiology can be observed together with changes in behaviour
  • Palmer 1975 Context Scene Experiment
71
Q
A
  • Context Scene Experiment
  • Palmer 1975
  • Presented objects next to a scene the asked participants to name the objects
  • Participants identified correct answer 80% of the time
  • Incorrect objects were identified only 40% of the time
  • Found knowledge of an environment in context influences your ability to identify objects
72
Q

Study of the mind is based on:

A
  • Development of models of memory such as Atkinson & Shriffrin, Tolman, Donders & Tulving
  • Research into physiology of the brain is studied through brain imaging technology
  • Development of behaviour experiments allow us to infer mental processes and behaviour

2112 - Foundational Cognition (19 decks)

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