Week 1 - Slides Flashcards
1
Q
What is the mind?
A
- Underneath the brain and nervous system
- Not just 3 pounds of matter
2
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
- Branch of psychology concerned with scientific study of the mind
- Mind cannot be observed directly
- Mind must be inferred by measuring what we can observe
- Physiological responses to the world can be measured
3
Q
Think of the mind in 2 ways
A
- The mind creates and controls mental functions
perception, memory, attention, language, thinking, reasoning - The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so we can interact with it.
4
Q
Cognition
A
- Mental Processes functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning .
- These are the things the mind does
5
Q
Basic Principle of cognitive psychology
A
- The Mind’s operation is inferred by measuring behaviour and physical response
- The mind cannot be observed directly
6
Q
Donders 1868
A
- Interested in how long it took for a person to make decisions
- More mental processes have longer reaction times
- Choice RT − Simple RT was the
- time to make a decision.
- Choice RT were 1/10th second
- longer than Simple RT.
7
Q
Wilhem Wundt 1879
A
- Developed Structuralism
- Used Analytic Introspection
8
Q
Ebbinhaus 1885
A
- Interested in how quickly learned information is lost over time
- Learned a nonsense list to see how many repetitions it took to remember
- Relearned list again after a break the times ho long it would take to relearn the list
- Savings = (Original time to learn list) −(Time to relearn list after)
9
Q
William James 1890
A
- Used observations of his own mind as basis of his book
- Wrote Principles of psychology
- Considered cognition included
- Thinking
- Consciousness
- Attention
- Memory
- Perception
- Imagination
- Reasoning
10
Q
Watson 1913
A
- Founded Behaviourism
- was that psychology was properly studied by measuring observable behaviour, and
- that invisible mental processes were not valid topics for the study of psychology.
11
Q
Watson & Rayner 1920
A
- Little Albert paired furry animals and toys paired with a white rat
- Studied how one stimulus affects another
- Demonstrated that behaviour can be
- analysed without any reference to the mind.
- Mary Cover Jones used Little Albert’s case to develop the first behaviour therapies.
12
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
- Behaviour is shaped by the outcome of rewards and punishments
13
Q
Cognitive Revolution
A
- 1948 Tolman demonstrates rats have cognitive maps
- 1953 Cherry shows the nature of selective attention
- 1954 Computers become available and demonstrate the concept of the mind’s processing functions
- 1956 Artificial intelligence is studied by Dartmouth and MIT
- 1959 Early theories of selective attention are proposed
- 1959 Chomsky argues that we are born with innate capacity for languages which challenges behaviourism
14
Q
Operation of theMind
A
- Compares mental processes to information processing similar to a digital computer
- Operation of the mind occurs in stages
15
Q
Two Modes of Cognitive Psychology
A
- Models represent structures or processes
- Structural Models: Represent the structures in the brain and how they connect
- Process Models: Illustrate how a process operates
16
Q
Define Cognitive Psychology
A
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with
the scientific study of the mind.
17
Q
Define Cognition
A
- Cognition refers to the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory
- Cognition refers to what the mind does.
18
Q
What does Cognitive Psychology infer?
A
- Infers mental processes that are based on measurable processes
- Behavioural and physiology can be measured
19
Q
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing
A
- Information approach to process mental functions can be compared to Information Processing with a digital computer
- Models play an essential role in cognitive psychology by
representing structures or processes.
20
Q
Atkinson & Shiffrin - Multi-Store Model of Memory 1968
A
- Information progresses through stages
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term Memory
- Long Term Memory
- Input is described as moving through theses systems via rehearsal and recall
21
Q
Atkinson & Shriffrin - Sensory Memory
A
- Input is received
- Holds incoming Information for a fraction of a second
- Information is passed to the Short-Term Memory
22
Q
Atkinson & Shriffrin - Short-Term Memory
A
- Has limited capacity for retaining information
- Holds input for a few seconds
- Information can be retained here via rehearsal
- Some information can be passed to the Long-Term Memory
23
Q
Atkinson & Shriffrin - Rehearsal
A
- The repetition of information to keep it stored in short term memory such as a phone number or a shopping list
24
Q
Atkinson and Shiffrin - Long Term Memory
A
- Has high capacity system for storing information for long periods of time
- Can be returned to short term memory as remembering
25
Q
Tulving 1972 - Long-Term Memory Model
A
- Distinguishes long-term memory into three components
- Episodic Memory
- Semantic Memory
- Procedural Memory
26
Q
Tulving 1972 - Episodic Memory
A
Life Events
27
Q
Tulving 1972 - Semantic Memory
A
Facts
28
Q
Tulving 1972 - Procedural Memory
A
Physical Actions
29
Q
Physiology of Cognition
A
- All behavioural and Mental processes have a basis in physiology
- Research on the body, mind and brain support one another
30
Q
Brain Imaging Methods
A
- CT and MRI scans provide precise images of the brain
- PET and fMRI scans can map actual activity of the brain over time
- Electroencephalography (EEG) measures event related potentials
(ERPs) that are the direct result of a sensory, cognitive or motor event- Can measure brain activity with extremely high temporal resolution
- N100 elicited by auditory stimuli
- P300 associated with stimulus evaluation and decision making
- TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
31
Q
Palmer 1975 - The Context Scene
A
- Presented the context scene
- Asked participants to identify objects such as A, B, or C.
- Correct answer was identified 80% of the time
- Knowledge of objects in an environment influences your ability to identify them
32
Q
Study of the Mind base on . . . .
A
- The development of sophisticated models of mental processes such as Atkinson and Shriffrin’s model of memory.
- Research into the physiological basis of behavioural and mental processes using brain imaging technology.
- Development of behavioural experiments designed to allow researchers to infer mental processes involved in behavioural tasks
33
Q
Cognitive Psychology and the Mind
A
- The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the Mind
- The Mind is considered what the brain does, not what the brain is physically.
- Operation of the mind can’t be observed directly
- The way the mind works must be inferred through things we CAN measure such as physical changes in the brain or by observing behaviour
34
Q
Think of the Mind in two ways
A
- Mental Processes - such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, decision making, thinking & reasoning
- A system of Representation - creates a representation of the world so that we can engage within it and achieve goals
35
Q
Donders (1868)
A
- Interested in how long it takes a person to make decisions
- Found that decisions with more mental processes tend to have longer reaction times.
- Choice RT minus Simple RT = Time to make a Decision
- Result was Choice RT was 1/10th second longer than Simple RT
36
Q
A
- Donders - 1868
- Choice RT minus Simple RT = Time to make a decision
- Found Choice RT was 1/10th second slower than Simple RT
37
Q
Wilhem Wundt 1879
A
- First psychology Laboratory in Liepzig, Germany
- Developed Structuralism
- Used Analytic Introspection
38
Q
Define Analytic Introspection
A
- Structuralism
- Wilhem Wundt 1879
- People are trained to describe their inner feelings, thoughts, sensations and experiences
- Done in response to some kind of external stimuli.
39
Q
Ebbinghaus 1885
A
- Interested in memory and the course of forgetting
- Memorised list of nonsense syllables counted how many repetitions it took to recall the list perfectly
- After a period time he measured how many repetitions it took to recall the list again
- Savings = (original time to learn list) minus (Time to relearn list after a delay)
- Found retention of about 25% over one month
40
Q
A
- Ebbinghaus 1885
- Savings = (Origingal time to learn) minus (Time to relearn after delay)
- Found retention sat around 25% after 1 month delay
41
Q
William James (1890)
A
- Wrote Principles of Psychology
- Considered topics of cognition like - thinking, attention, consciousness, memory, perception, imagination and reasoning.
42
Q
Timeline - Rise of Behaviourism
A
43
Q
Watson and Rayner (1920)
A
- Little Albert Experiment
- Pairing one stimulus with another can affect behaviour
- Showed that behaviour can be analysed without referring to the mind
44
Q
Mary Cover Jones
A
- Studied several children to investigate the best way to remove fear responses in children.
- Based on the Little Albert experiment
- Attempted to remove conditioned fear of rats
- Could a child be counter-conditioned from one stimulus
- Could counter-conditioning be generalised to other conditioned responses
45
Q
BF Skinner
A
- Founded Behaviourism
- Developed Operant Conditioning which says that behaviour is shaped by reward and punishment
- Behaviourism dominated Psychological study from 30s-60s
46
Q
Timeline of Cognitive Revolution
A
46
Q
Timeline of Cognitive Revolution
A
- Tolman: Cognitive Map
- Cherry: Attention Experiment
- 1954 First Commercial Digital Computer
- Dartmouth & MIT Conferences
- Skinner: Verbal Behaviour (language is learned by imitation and operant conditioning)
- Broadbent: Flow diagram of learning
- Chomsky: Reviews SKinner’s Verbal Behaviour, Said babies were born with and innate ability to learn language
- Neisser: First book on cognitive psychology
47
Q
Cognition Today
A
- Behavioural Psychologists recognise the need to incorporate the mind in study of behaviour
- Cognitive Psychologists recognise behaviour influences mental processes
- Both approaches are needed to proved successful therapeutic techniques
48
Q
A
- Information Processing as a comparison to how the mind operates
49
Q
Two models to Represent Models of the Mind
A
- Structural Models - Represent structures in the brain and how they are connected
- Process Models - Demonstrate how the mind processes input and how the Mind Operates
50
Q
What is Cognitive Psychology
A
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with
the scientific study of the mind.
51
Q
Define Cognition
A
Refers to the mental processes, such as perception,
attention, and memory, that are what the mind does.
52
Q
Can we measure Mental Processes
A
- Mental processes are inferred based on measurable processes.
- We can measure Behaviour
- We can measure brain physiology
53
Q
Processes for Studying the Mind
A
- We can use a model similar to computer processors to describe how we study the mind
54
Q
Types of Models for studying Cognitive Psycholoy
A
- Strucural Models measure physcial brain changes
- Process Models represent how the mind processes its mental functions
55
Q
Higher Mental Processes
A
- Atkinson & Shriffrin’s Model of Memory
- Deduced that information moves through to memory in three stages
- Input ⇒ Sensory Memory ⇒ Short-term Memory/Output ⇒Long-Term Memory
- Rehearsal - A Process where information in the STM is repeated severals times to store in memory for longer time
56
Q
Sensory Memory
A
- Holds information for a fraction of a second the passes this information to the Short-term Memory
57
Q
Short-term Memory
A
- Limited capacity only holding information for a few seconds
- Information can be retained here via Rehearsal
- Some information moves from here to Long-term Memory
58
Q
Long-Term Memory
A
- High capacity storage system that can hold imformation for long periods of time
- Information from long-term memory can be returned to short-term memory
- This is called remembering.
59
Q
Atkinson & Shriffrin’s Memory Model
A
- The idea that mental processes can be studied by dividing them into subsystems
- Describes these subsystems and how they relate to each other.
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
60
Q
Long-Term Memory Model
A
- Tulving 1972
- Divides the Long-term Memory into 3 components
- Episodic Memory
- Semantic Memory
- Procedural Memory
61
Q
A
- Tulving 1972
- Divides Long-term Memory into 3 components
- Episodic Memory - Life Events
- Semantic Memory - Facts
- Procedural Memory - Physical Events
62
Q
Physiology of Cognition
A
- All behavioral and mental processes have a basis in physiology
- Research on the body, mind and brain all support one another
63
Q
Brain Imaging Methods
A
- CT Scans
- MRI Scans
- PET Scans
- fMRI Scans
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
64
Q
CT and MRI Scans
A
Provide Precise images of the Brain
65
Q
PET and fMRI Scans
A
Can map actual activity of the brain over time
66
Q
Electroencephalography
A
- Can measure brain activity with extremely high temporal resolution
- Measures event-related potentials (ERPs) that are direct result of sensation, cognitive thought or movement
67
Q
Event Related Potential
A
- Very small voltages in the brain
- They are responses to specific events or stimuli
- EEG changes that are time locked to sensory, motor or cognitive events
- Safe and noninvasive approach to study the brain and mental processes
68
Q
A
- Event Related Potential
- N100 - elicited by auditory stimuli
- P300 - Associated with stimulus evaluation and decision making
69
Q
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A
- Temporarily enhance or depresses activity in a specific place in the brain
- Pulsed magnetic area is 2cm
- Strong results for addiction, depression, autism
70
Q
Combining Behaviour, Brain and Mind
A
- Changes in brain physiology can be observed together with changes in behaviour
- Palmer 1975 Context Scene Experiment
71
Q
A
- Context Scene Experiment
- Palmer 1975
- Presented objects next to a scene the asked participants to name the objects
- Participants identified correct answer 80% of the time
- Incorrect objects were identified only 40% of the time
- Found knowledge of an environment in context influences your ability to identify objects
72
Q
Study of the mind is based on:
A
- Development of models of memory such as Atkinson & Shriffrin, Tolman, Donders & Tulving
- Research into physiology of the brain is studied through brain imaging technology
- Development of behaviour experiments allow us to infer mental processes and behaviour
