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Human Anatomy Fall 2017 > WEEK 4 VERTEBRAL COLUMN & DEEP BACK > Flashcards

WEEK 4 VERTEBRAL COLUMN & DEEP BACK Flashcards

1
Q

T3=

A

Spine of scapula

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2
Q

T7=

A

Inferior angle of scapula

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3
Q

L4=

A

Right above hip

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4
Q

S2=

A

Sacral dimples

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5
Q

Nuchal groove is where

A

Back of neck, marks nuchal ligament

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6
Q

Most prominent bump on back of neck is?

A

Vertebra prominens; C7 spinous process

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7
Q

Posterior median furrow

A

Furrow between the two halves of trapezius, marks the site of where ligaments cover spine

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8
Q

Why is the curve in the spine important?

A

Important for the distribution of weight

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9
Q

Increase in size of vertebra indicates?

A

An increase in weight that they support

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10
Q

What are the 5 categories of vertebra?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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11
Q

Main function of sacrum?

A

To transfer weight from spine to legs/hips

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12
Q

What are the other names for C1 and C2?

A

C1= atlas, C2=axis

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13
Q

Functions of vertebral column?

A

1) supports weight of body
2) allows for movement
3) house and protects spinal cord and nerves

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14
Q

Why is the vertebral column being a bunch of bones important?

A

It is what allows for movement?

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15
Q

The MOST rotation of vertebral column is where?

A

Cervical vertebrae

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16
Q

What is flexion of vertebra?

A

Bend over (touch your toes)

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17
Q

What are primary curvatures?

A

Created while a fetus

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18
Q

What is the curve of a fetus’s vertebra?

A

Concave

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19
Q

What are secondary curvatures?

A

Created while growing

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20
Q

What is the curvature of secondary curves?

A

Convex

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21
Q

What are the two primary curves?

A

Sacrum and thoracic

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22
Q

What are the two secondary curves of back?

A

Lumbar and cervical

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23
Q

When does the cervical curve become secondary (convex)?

A

When an infant starts to hold up neck/head

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24
Q

Why do curves become convex?

A

Because we develop and need to produce movement AND we get heavier

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25
Q

What is the second secondary curve to form?

A

Lumbar curve, formed when you start to walk

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26
Q

What is another name of primary curvature?

A

kyphosis

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27
Q

What is another name of secondary curvature?

A

Lordosis

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28
Q

What are normal exaggerations of curves?

A

Lumbar curve when you are pregnant or fat; big breasts

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29
Q

What are abnormal exaggerations of curves?

A

Excessive kyphosis, excessive lordosis, scoliosis

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30
Q

Excessive kyphosis is do to?

A

Excess curve in thoracic region, due to osteoporosis

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31
Q

excessive lordosis is where?

A

In lumbar vertebrae (due to weak trunk, correct with good core strength)

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32
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curve (typically in teen girls)

33
Q

What forms vertebral cannel?

A

Vertebral foramen

34
Q

What separates vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs

35
Q

Where do spinal nerves enter and exit?

A

Intervertebral foramen between two vertebra

36
Q

What contacts what in column?

A

Articular processes: inferior articular process contacts the superior articular process of the vertebra inferior to it

37
Q

What is the facet joint?

A

The articular processes connecting to each other forms a facet joint

38
Q

What distinguishes cervical vertebra?

A

1) small vertebral body
2) LARGE vertebral foramen (due to lots of nerve to brain)
3) some have bifid spinous process (only found in white men)
4) articular processes are horizontal
5) transverse processes have a hole in them

39
Q

Why are the cerebral articular processes are horizontal?

A

Allows for rotation and gliding

40
Q

Why does the transverse processes of C6-C1 have a hole in them?

A

Carries vertebral artery up to the brain (NOTE: not in C7)

41
Q

The atlas is in contact with?

A

The cranium aka the skull

42
Q

The atlas does not have?

A

A vertebral body or spinous process

43
Q

The atlas has large what to contact the skull with?

A

Has large lateral masses to contact the condyles on the base of the skull

44
Q

The axis has what special structure?

A

DENS

45
Q

The dens does what?

A

Serves as a axis for the atlas and head to turn on

46
Q

What holds the DENS in place?

A

Transverse ligament of atlas (spans one lateral notch to the other)

47
Q

Transverse ligament of the atlas does what?

A

Holds C1, DENS, and head in place

48
Q

What is an axis fracture?

A

The hangmans fracture, due to abrupt hyperextension of only the head

49
Q

Is the axis fracture the same as hyperextension?

A

NO. hyperextension moves both head and neck

50
Q

Characteristics of thoracic vertebra?

A

1) larger body than cervical
2) smaller foramen
3) **have costal facets, slants inferiorly
4) vertical articular facets are more lateral, MORE LATERAL flexion
5) **longest processes of all vertebra

51
Q

What are costal facets?

A

A contact point for the ribs on thoracic vertebra

52
Q

Where are costal facets found on thoracic vertebra?

A

2 on each side of body, 1 on each transverse process

53
Q

Costal facets explain why the ribs are?

A

Slanted inferiorly

54
Q

Characteristics of lumar verticbra

A

1) biggest body
2) smallest foramen
3) hardly any lateral flexion

55
Q

Lamar vertebra have articular process that are medial and laterally oriented, why?

A

Allow for flexion and extension, but very little lateral movement

56
Q

When does the sacrum start and finish fusing?

A

Age 15, completely fuses at 26

57
Q

Sacrum and coccyx originate at?

A

Separate vertebra

58
Q

The sacrum starts out as (before fused)?

A

S1-S4

59
Q

What is the point of sacral foramina?

A

Passage of nerves

60
Q

The spinal cord itself ends at?

A

L1 or L2

61
Q

What is the point of sacral canal if spinal cord already ended?

A

To allow for horsetail emerging nerves

62
Q

Name the articulation of zygapophysial facet joints?

A

Inferior articular, articular capsule of facet, superior articular

63
Q

What is the articulation between atlas and occipital?

A

Atlanto-occipital

64
Q

What is the major movement of Atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Rocking (yes movement)

65
Q

What is the articulation between atlas and axis?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

66
Q

What is the major movement of Atlanto-axial joint?

A

Pivoting (no movement)

67
Q

Is the Atlanto-axial joint or Atlanto-occipital more superior?

A

Atlanto-occipital (between c2 and occipital on skull)

68
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Allows for the transfer of weight from vertebral column to hip bones

69
Q

When a woman is prego she releases relaxine hormone why and when?

A

Relax ligaments at the end of pregnancy to open pelvic girdle

70
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Prevent hyperextension of (ONLY ONE TO DO THIS)

71
Q

**figure out and label:

A

Supraspinour ligament- over spinous processes
Interspinous ligament- between processes
Ligamentum flavum- yellow because of elastic fibers
Posterior longitudinal ligament (THIN)
Anterior longitudinal ligament (THICK)
Intertransverse ligaments

72
Q

What are the two components of intervertebral dics?

A

1) anulus fibrosus-outer part

2) nucleus pulposus- inner part (hyaline cartilage)

73
Q

Why are we taller at the beginning of day?

A

We released some of the water in intervertebral disc

74
Q

Disc herniation

A

Typically occurs posterior-laterally because the posterior ligament is very thin and the anterior is much thicker, happens around L4 a lot, gives local and deferred pain

75
Q

Main point of all ligaments in vertebral column?

A

Prevent hyperflexion

76
Q

All deep muscles innervated by?

A

Posterior rami for motor and sensory

77
Q

What is proprial seption of vertebral column?

A

Give awareness of how the vertebral column is situated

78
Q

Where does suboccipital nerve come from?

A

Dorsal rami of C1, innervates deep muscle of neck

79
Q

Deep muscle triangle of neck marks?

A

The place where the vertebral artery (carried up through transverse foramen), loops around posterior part of C1 to enter skull (foramen magnum)
*this is important bc vertebral artery can be compressed between atlas and skull and of aprosklerosis

Human Anatomy Fall 2017 (19 decks)

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