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ANTH 352 > Week 3 - Upper Limbs > Flashcards

Week 3 - Upper Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

The rotator cuff includes muscles such as the supraspinatus muscle, the infraspinatus muscle, the teres minor muscle and the subscapularis muscle. The upper arm consists of the deltoids, biceps, as well as the triceps.

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2
Q

Rotator cuff actions

A

medially and laterally rotate humerus, as well as abduct and adduct humerus

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3
Q

true or false: muscle lengthening is active and muscle shortening is passive

A

false; muscle lengthening is passive and muscle shortening is active

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4
Q

true or false: teres minor does not originate at the scapular fossa

A

true, it originates at the mid axillary border of scapula

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5
Q

teres minor

A

Teres Minor: reinforces capsule of shoulder joint, stabilizes humeral head.

Origin: mid-axillary border of scapula.

Insertion: inferior (vertical) facet of greater tubercle of humerus.

Actions: lateral rotation and extension of the humerus (same as Infraspinatus –previous)

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6
Q

where do tendons of rotator cuff mm insert into, and what is the function of the tendons of rotator cuff mm?

A

Tendons of rotator cuff muscles arising from scapula insert into greater and lesser tubercles, and hold head of humerus in glenoid fossa (i.e. ball in socket) and move humeral head

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7
Q

subscapularis

A

Subscapularis: stabilizes shoulder joint anteriorly.

Origin: subscapular fossa on anterior aspect of scapula.

Insertion: lesser tubercle of humeral head.

Actions: internal rotation, adduction

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8
Q

infraspinatus

A

Infraspinatus: reinforces shoulder joint capsule.

Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula.

Insertion: oblique (middle, intermediate) facet of greater tubercle of humerus.

Actions:lateral rotation and extension of the humerus (same as Teres Minor –next)

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9
Q

Head of humerus articulates with ______ of scapula proximally, and with _____ and ______ distally

A

glenoid fossa; radius; ulna

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10
Q

anatomical neck

A

groove or line around articular (joint) surface of head for attachment of ligamentous joint capsule

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11
Q

surgical neck

A

short segment distal to anatomical neck, links head and shaft; tends to be where fractures of proximal humerus occur

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12
Q

Proximal end of humerus is subdivided into 2 parts. What are those 2 parts

A

lesser andgreater tubercles, or tuberosities, by intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove

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13
Q

upper limb bones

A

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, sesamoids

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14
Q

where did the upper limbs evolve from?

A

Evolved from paired pectoral fins of fishes

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15
Q

Where do the tendons of the long heads of the biceps brachii originate?

A

Tendon of long head of Biceps Brachiilies within bicipital groove

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16
Q

where does subscapularis insert?

A

Subscapularis (from anterior scapula) inserts on lesser tubercle

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17
Q

where does supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor insert?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres Minor (from posterior scapula)insert on greater tubercle

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18
Q

supraspinatus

A

Supraspinatus: reinforces shoulder joint capsule.

Origin: suprapinous fossa of scapula.

Insertion: superior (horizontal) facet of greater tubercle of humerus.

Actions: stabilizes humeral head, initiates abduction (first 10 to 15 degrees)

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19
Q

crest of greater tubercle forms __________

A

lateral lip of bicipital groove

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20
Q

crest of lesser tubercle forms _______

A

medial lip of bicipital groove

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21
Q

where does the teres major insert?

A

medial lip of bicipital groove

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22
Q

deltoid tuberosity

A

Large tuberosity on lateral aspect of shaft is for insertion of Deltoid muscle (origin from clavicle, scapular spine, and acromion

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23
Q

the anterior portion of the deltoid originates from the ________ and acts as a ________

A

clavicle; flexor

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24
Q

the middle portion of the deltoid originates from the _______ and acts as a ___________

A

acromion; abductor

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25
Q

the posterior portion of the deltoid arises from the ______ and acts as a ________

A

spine of scapula; extensor

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26
Q

the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid forms the common tendon that inserts at the _______

A

deltoid tuberosity

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27
Q

radius articulates distally with the ____

A

lunate and scaphoid bones

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28
Q

the ______ of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

A

articular fovea of the head of the radius

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29
Q

the articular edge of the radial head is called the ______ which articulates with the ______ of the ulna

A

circumferential articulation; radial notch of ulna

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30
Q

________ of forearm separates flexor and extensor muscle compartments, much as do the ________ of the upper arm

A

Interosseous membrane of forearm separates flexor and extensor muscle compartments, much as do the intermuscular septae of the upper arm

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31
Q

anterior oblique line

A

on anterior shaft; spirals inferolaterally from base of radial tuberosity; origin for extrinsic muscles of hand (next slide);
Supinator inserts on anterior oblique line –causes supination

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32
Q

extrinsic muscle of hands

A

those muscles which control certain hand and finger movements via tendons, but whose muscle bellies are located within the forearm region

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33
Q

intrinsic muscle of hands

A

those small muscles which control certain finger movements and which lie wholly within the hand

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34
Q

ulnar notch

A

concave articular region on medial distal aspect of radius; articulates with distal end (head) of ulna

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35
Q

Dorsal radial tubercle (Lister’s tubercle)

A

on posterior distal radius; grooves between this and other tuberosities on dorsum of distal radius house

tendons for extrinsic extensor muscles of hand

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36
Q

styloid process

A

sharp distal lateral projection for lateral collateral ligament of wrist

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37
Q

radial ossification

A

▪Ossifies from 3 centres: shaft, head, distal end

▪Degree of ossification may be useful in establishing age of an unknown individual

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38
Q

olecranon process

A

most proximal part of ulna; for insertion of Triceps brachii at olecranon tuberosity–primary extensor of forearm

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39
Q

guiding ridge of ulna

A

separates trochlear notch into medial and lateral parts

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40
Q

coronoid process

A

anterior, beak-shaped projection; located at base of trochlear notch –fits into coronoid fossa of anterior distal humerus during elbow flexion

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41
Q

where does the annular notch originate?

A

radial notch

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42
Q

triangular fossa (depression)

A

inferior to notch accommodates tuberosity of radius and Biceps tendon during full pronation (Supinator in part arises here)

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43
Q

medial (ulnar) collateral ligament of wrist attaches here

A

styloid process

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44
Q

true or false: there is no ulnar carpal bone articulation

A

true (p 101)

45
Q

Distal radioulnar joint

A

head of ulna in ulnar notch of radius

46
Q

ulna ossification

A

▪Ossifies from 3 centres: shaft, olecranon process, distal end
▪Degree of ossification may be useful in establishing age of an unknown individual

47
Q

what is a joint capsule (articular capsule) comprised of?

A

Bones are joined together by a joint capsule or articular capsule, comprised of an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane which lines outer fibrous capsule

48
Q

congruity allows for _______

A

joint stability

49
Q

ginglymus joint

A

simple hinge joint (such as humeroulnar joint)

50
Q

humeroulnar joint

A

simple hinge (ginglymus) joint

51
Q

humeroradial joint

A

hinge joint and pivot joint

52
Q

proximal radioulnar joint

A

pivot joint

53
Q

what does the proximal and distal radioulnar joint allow for?

A

allow radius to rotate and translate on ulna during pronation and supination

54
Q

radial sulcus

A

oblique groove posteroinferior to deltoid tuberosity (for radial nerve) (p 39)

55
Q

what is the entire articular portion of the distal end of the humerus called?

A

condylar mass

56
Q

purpose of collateral ligaments

A

found on elbow joint, knees, and wrists to prevent side to side movement and main functions is for flexion and extension

57
Q

the lateral epicondyle of the humerus are origins for what?

A

wrist extensors and supinators as well as lateral collateral ligament

58
Q

the medial epicondyle of the humerus are origins for what?

A

flexor mm of forearms and pronator as well as medial collateral ligament

59
Q

rim of proximal radial surface

A

circumferential articulation-abuts lateral aspect of trochlea –prevents medial dislocation or displacement of radius

60
Q

annular ligament

A

Radial head is encircled by annular ligament which is attached to ulna at edges of radial notch of ulna

61
Q

origin for extrinsic muscles of hand

A

anterior oblique line

62
Q

where do the triceps insert?

A

olecranon tuberosity

63
Q

the ulnar tuberosity is the insertion for which muscle?

A

brachialis

64
Q

dorsal radial tubercle is also known as ______

A

Lister’s tubercle

on posterior distal radius; grooves between this and other tuberosities on dorsum of distal radius house tendons for extrinsic extensor muscles of hand

65
Q

styloid process of radius

A

sharp distal lateral projection for lateral

collateral ligament of wrist

66
Q

what is the most proximal part of the ulna?

A

olecranon process

67
Q

triceps insert onto

A

olecranon tuberosity

68
Q

guiding ridge

A

separates trochlear notch into medial and lateral parts

69
Q

ulnar tuberosity is also known as

A

brachial tuberosity

immediately inferior to coronoid process; roughened region for insertion of Brachialis

70
Q

brachialis

A

origin: distal half of anterior humeral surface; insertion ulnar (brachial) tuberosity inferior to coronoid process

71
Q

what are intrinsic muscles of the hands responsible for?

A

abduction and adduction of fingers , and special movements of thumb and little fingers

72
Q

flexor retinaculum gives rise to the ________

A

carpal tunnel

73
Q

interphalageal joints

A

Interphalangeal joints are diarthrodial hinge joints; over
extension at these joints is limited by a palmar ligament, and axial rotation, abduction, and adduction are limited by the presence of collateral ligaments

74
Q

over extension of the interphalangeal joints are limited by the _____

A

palmar ligament

75
Q

abduction and adduction of the interphalageal joints are limited by the __________

A

collateral ligament

76
Q

true or false: the base of the thumb metacarpal is a saddle (sellar)- shaped joint

A

true; it allows for opposition

77
Q

true or false; humans use upper limbs for weight bearing mechanisms

A

false; humans use it for manipulation

78
Q

extrinsic hand muscles

A

allow for flexion and extension for fingers; comes from forearm

79
Q

true or false:

Each distal phalanx has double proximal articular facet for head of intermediate phalanx

A

true

80
Q

what is at the end of each distal phalanges?

A

distal phalangeal tuberosity, or distal tuft

81
Q

true or false: the thumb has an intermediate phalange

A

false; the thumb only has a distal and proximal

82
Q

true or false: the distal and intermediate phalange has doubt facets at the proximal end, and the proximal phalange has a single articular facet at the proximal end

A

true

83
Q

true or false: the area in which collateral ligaments attach to the metacarpal heads and interphalangeal joints are articular

A

false; they are nonarticular (p203)

84
Q

what is the smallest carpal ?

A

pisiform

85
Q

the pisiform is a sesamoid bone for the leverage of ___________

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

86
Q

the concave surface of the scaphoid articulates with the ________

A

head of capitate

87
Q

true or false; some forearm muscles insert onto the carpal bones

A

false; no forearm mm inserts onto the carpal bones (p 152)

88
Q

midcarpal joint is the same as

A

transverse carpal joint

89
Q

true or false: midcarpal joint allows for adduction and abduction of wrists

A

false; it allows for flexion and extension but limits ab and adduction

90
Q

how many basic hand bones are there?

A

27 basic hand bones and 2 sesamoid bones on distal 1st MC

91
Q

what muscles are leveraged due to the sesamoid bones in the distal 1st MC?

A

adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis

92
Q

what is another name for wrist?

A

carpus

93
Q

flexor retinaculum forms _____ for flexor tendons of wrist

A

carpal tunnel

94
Q

true or false: we still use navicular as an anatomical term

A

false

95
Q

which structure is attached to the scaphoid tubercle?

A

flexor retinaculum

96
Q

where does the flexor retinaculum attach to on the carpals?

A

scaphoid tubercle
crest of trapezium
hook of hamate
pisiform body

97
Q

the convex part of the scaphoid articultes with the ____ and the concave part of scaphoid articulates with ____

A

radius; capitate

98
Q

where does pisiform articulate?

A

facet of triquetrum

99
Q

what is the smallest carpal on distal row?

A

trapezoid

100
Q

what does the capitate articulate with?

A

scaphoid, hamate, lunate, trapezoid, 2nd and 3rd MC, and sometimes MC 4

101
Q

square end of capitate is the _____ and round end of the capitate is the ______

A

square end: base (distal end)

round end: head (proximal)

102
Q

what does the 2nd MC articulate with?

A

capitate, trapezoid, trapezium, and MC 3

103
Q

what is a feature of MC3?

A

styloid process on dorsal radial side

articulates with capitate, MC2 and 4

104
Q

metacarpal ossification

A

-Each MC except MC1 ossifies from 2
centres, a primary one for shaft (body)
and a secondary one for distal extremity

-MC1 has separate centre for base but
none for its distal extremity

105
Q

MC vs MT differences

A

-Metacarpals are stouter thicker)

-Metacarpal shafts are larger in diameter
relative to length, and not as straight
and slender as metatarsal shafts

-Metacarpal heads are more rounded
than the mediolaterally compressed
metatarsal heads

106
Q

where does collateral ligament of phalanges go on?

A

non articular tubercles of phalanges

107
Q

fibrous flexor sheath

A

on anteriopr surface of palm, restrains flexor tendons

108
Q

distal phalangeal tuberosity

A

distal tuft

109
Q

ossification centres of phalange

A

2 primary centers (shaft and distal end)

1 secondary center (base)

ANTH 352 (26 decks)

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