Bone histology, gross anatomy, and development Flashcards
1
Q
what is bone
A
dense connective tissue
2
Q
bones are one part of the ________ system
A
musculoskeletal
3
Q
6 functions of bones
A
1. Provide support framework for body 2. Allow attachment of muscles, tendons, ligaments for locomotion, posture, stability 3. Protect vital organs (skull, thorax, pelvis) 4. Repository for calcium and phosphate dynamic interchange 5. Red marrow: blood cell manufacture 6. Yellow marrow: fat storage
4
Q
what is the hierarchy of biological structures (increasing complexity)
A
cells, tissues, organs, systems
5
Q
biological building blocks of human body
A
cells
6
Q
cells group together to form ____
A
tissues
7
Q
structure that contains at least 2 different tissue types
A
organ
8
Q
comprised of 2 or more organs
A
organ system
9
Q
the musculoskeletal system is an example of ____
A
an organ system
10
Q
cell division (differentiation) leads to ___ (number) basic tissue types
A
4
11
Q
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
A
1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nerve tissue
12
Q
_____ is a rigid form of connective tissue
A
bone
13
Q
true or false: collagenous protein and carbonated hydroxyapatite are found in bone
A
true
14
Q
bone is a _____ organ that is constantly ______ and _____
A
dynamic; remodeling , changing shape
15
Q
true or false: bone is a composite of both biological and non-biological materials
A
true
16
Q
the combination of bone’s mineral and protein components give bones ____ and _____
A
resilience (organic part - protein)
strength (inorganic part - calcium)
17
Q
what are the types of cells that originate from the mesenchyme?
A
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osetocyte
18
Q
what are the types of cells that are from haematopoietic origin
A
osteoclasts
19
Q
the osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osetocyte originate from _____
A
mesenchyme
20
Q
osteoclasts origin
A
haematopoietic origin
21
Q
What are the 4 basic bone cell types?
A
1) osteoprogenitor (ostegenic) cells
2) osteoblasts
3) osteocytes
4) osteoclasts
22
Q
osteoprogenitor cells give rise to _______
A
osteoblasts
23
Q
osteoblasts are _____ cells that produce part of the _____
A
bone building cells ; matrix
24
Q
main structural fibers of bone
A
collagen
25
osteocytes
bone-encapsulated osteoblasts that maintain metabolic and structural integrity of bone
26
osteoclasts
involved in bone resorption (removal) and remodeling
27
define mesenchyme
loosely organized connective tissue of any origin present in embryo
28
describe bone cell modulation
bone cells derived from mesenchyme can dedifferentiate into an earlier stage of bone cell types depending on various chemicals and physical stimulus
29
define dedifferentiate and provide an example
dedifferentiate: change to a different form
example: osteoclasts, derived from haematopoietic stem cells can dedifferentiate into monocytes
30
define haematopoietic
means forming cellular part of blood
31
where are osteoprogenitor cells found
mesenchymal areas; intramembranous bone areas (skull and clavicle)
near surface of growing bones; intracartilaginous bone areas - remainder of bone
32
some osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into ____ which can later become _______
osteoblasts; osteocytes
33
where are osteoblasts found
surface of bone tissue; bone building by apposition ("layering" of bone)
34
true or false; osteoblasts are smaller than the osteoprogenitor cells from which they arise
false; they are larger
35
true or false; osteoblasts are larger when they are inactive
false; they are larger when they are active (eg., columnar cells)
36
collagens are ____ protein
structural
37
what is the most abundant protein in the body?
type I collagen
38
how many different types of collagen are there? How are they different?
```
28
difference in
1) chemical composition
2) molecular morphology
3) distribution in body
4) functions
5) pathologies
```
39
true or false; collagen can stretch and bend
false; collagen is inelastic, which means it doesn't stretch, but it can bend
40
what is responsible for collagen's high tensile strength?
biochemical microstructure
41
collagen has a unique combination of allow for ____ and ____
flexibility and strength
42
Outside osteoblast, procollagen is converted to ________; multiple tropo collagen molecules form a collagen _____. Multiple fibrils form a collagen _____. Multiple fibres form a collagen _____.
tropocollagen; fibril; fibre; bundle
43
how many strands does procollagen have?
3 strands
44
Collagen bundles are initially arranged randomly in ______ (primary, immature) bone
woven
45
woven bone is eventually replaced by _____ bone in the adult
lamellar (layered)
46
osteoblasts synthesizes _____, which traps osteoblasts, which then differentiates into ____, which eventually becomes surrounded by bone within a small 3D space known as ______
matrix ; osteocytes ; lacuna
47
____ + ______ = matrix
collagen + ground substance
48
lacuna are connected with each other with tubules known as ______
canaliculi
49
the 3d dimensional network of canaliculi is known as _____
lacunocanalicular network
50
osteocytes in their lacunae are encapsuled osteoblasts which have multiple network forming _____
cytoplasmic extensions
51
_____ maintain integrity of bone matrix
osteocytes
52
where are osteocytes located
between or within lamellae (layers)
53
what is the most abundant cell in mature bone?
osteocytes
54
osteoclast is a type of ______
macrophage ; can remove bone which is important in growth, modeling, and remodeling
55
where are osteoclasts located
Howship's lacunae
56
which cell is involved in calcium metabolism?
osteoclasts
57
osteolysis
release of calcium from bones by influence of osteocytes
58
osteoclasis
removal of entire tissue structure of bone by influence of osteoclasts
59
uncalcified matrix + osteocytes =
osteoid
60
what is the function of ground substance?
binds the bone cells and collagen bundles together
61
uncalcified intercellular matrix = _____
| calcified intercellular matrix = ______
uncalcified intercellular matrix = osteoid
| calcified intercellular matrix = bone
62
true or false; osteoid is organic
true
63
classification of bones
1) shape
2) region of bone
3) type of development
4) maturity
5) macroscopic pattern
6) microscopic pattern
64
mesenchymal cells proliferate, which forms ______ cells , which forms _____
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts
65
a cartilage model of bone is formed by ______
chondroblasts
66
collagen is a polymer of ______
tropocollagen
67
what is the most abundant protein in the body?
collagen
68
how many different types of collagen are there?
28
69
true or false; collagen is inelastic
true
70
multiple tropocollagen molecules forms a ____
fibril
71
multiple fibrils form ____
fibre
72
multiple fibres form ____
a bundle
73
_____ is found within collagen fibrils and have their long axes oriented in parallel with fibrils
calcium hydroxyapatite
74
osteoblasts synthesizes the matrix, which traps osteoblasts which then differentiates into a(n) _____, which eventually becomes surrounded by a 3d space called a(n) ______
osteocyte; lacuna
75
lacuna are connected to one another by very fine tubules with bone substance called ______
canaliculi
76
a 3d network of canaliculi forms the _____ network
lacunocanalicular network
77
Osteocytes in their lacunae are encapsulated
osteoblasts which have multiple network
forming ___________ which extend 3
dimensionally from their cell bodies through the
canaliculi
cytoplasmic extensions
78
osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions together forms a ____
syncytium
79
where are osetocytes located?
between lamellae
80
What is the most abundant cell in mature bone?
osteocyte
81
true or false; osteoclasts are multinucleated and do not differentiate
true
82
which bone cells is a type of macrophage?
osteoclast
83
Oseoclasts are ;ocated in “enzymatically etched
| depressions” in bone matrix called ________
Howship’s lacunae
84
osteolysis
release of calcium only from bone by influence of osteocytes maintains serum calcium levels (for muscle, nerve, heart metabolism)
85
osteoclasis
removal of entire tissue structure of bone by osteoclasts
86
Uncalcified matrix + osteocytes = ____
osteoid
87
____ binds bone cells and collagen together
ground substance of the intercellular matrix
88
calcified intercellular matrix =
bone
89
uncalcified intercellular matrix =
osteoid
90
main inorganic bone salt is a form of calcium phosphate known as _________
calcium hydroxyapatite
91
calcium salts allow for _____ strength
compression
92
collagen allows for ____ strength
tensile
93
which bones are not derived from cartilaginous models?
tabular bones of skull and clavicles
94
The tabular (flat) bones of the skull and the
clavicles are derived directly from
_________
mesenchymal cells
95
a cartilage model of a bone is formed by _______
chondroblasts
96
A _______ forms simultaneously with primary ossification centre
bone collar
97
where is the source of growth in bone length?
mataphysis
98
where is the site of union between diaphysis and metaphysis?
epiphyseal line
99
what bones is the axial skeleton comprised of?
skull, hyoid, sternum, vertebrae, ribs
100
true or false ; compact bone forms the outer casing for most bones except skull and clavicle
false; compact bone forms the outer casing for ALL bones
101
Interior of bone may contain 3 things. What are they?
1) spongy bone
2) medullary cavity
3) air sinus
102
diaphysis of long bones are mostly ____ bone
compact
103
cortex of bone provides 2 things. What are they
1) strength and support
| 2) mm attachment sites
104
Spongy bone is a latticework formed by anastomosis (joining) of slender, irregular plates or bars of bone
called ______
trabeculae
105
Internal orientation of spongy bone trabeculae depends upon forces to which it is subjected may lead to formation of _____
trajectorial lines or arcades
106
The trabecular meshwork
contained within the cortical
bone shell serves two functions:
1) provides strength, especially at ends of long bones
| 2) meshwork allows increased SA for metabolic exchange
107
how are spongy bone and cortical bone the same?
same cells, same intercellular substance
108
concentric lamellae are around ______
Haversian canals
109
Haversian canals contain _____
nerves and blood vessels
110
Haversian canal + contents + lamella =
osteon
111
what is the weakest part of compact bone?
cement line
112
where is the cement line?
surrounding outermost concentric lamellae
113
transverse connections from Haversian canals are called _____
Volkmann's canals
114
vascular channels
from periosteal and
endosteal surfaces
Volkmann's canals
115
true or false; Volkmann's canals are lined by concentric lamellae
false
116
does spongy bone have the Haversian system?
no
117
almost all adult bones are secondary (mature). Which are exceptions?
(exceptions: alveolar sockets, skull sutures, osseous
labyrinth (inner ear bones: malleus, incus, stapes),
some areas of bone tendon and bone ligament
attachment)
118
where is the source of longitudinal bone growth?
epiphyseal plate or growth plate, or physis
119
order of epiphyseal plate closure
```
every - elbow
hip - hip
archeologist - ankle
knows - knee
which - wrists
shovel - shoulder
```
120
epiphyseal plate ossifications starts with females. Why?
hormones
121
The human skeleton receives
_____ of the cardiac output
reflects significant metabolic
activity of bone
10-20%
122
where are nerves found?
articular regions (joint capsules)
123
nerves of periosteum primarly senses _____
pain
124
Nerves that control blood vessel diameter inside bone (and hence the degree of blood flow) are ________
vasomotor nerves
125
what are the cartilage types? (3)
1) elastic cartilage
2) hyaline cartilage
3) fibrocartilage
126
Wolff's Law
bones are remodeled to fit
| their mechanical functions
127
Law of Bone Transformation
bone is deposited where needed and removed where not needed
128
in childhood, what happens to the thickness of the cortical bone?
stays the same
129
in puberty, what happens to the thickness of cortical bone?
gets thicker
