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ANTH 352 > Bone histology, gross anatomy, and development > Flashcards

Bone histology, gross anatomy, and development Flashcards

1
Q

what is bone

A

dense connective tissue

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2
Q

bones are one part of the ________ system

A

musculoskeletal

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3
Q

6 functions of bones

A 
1.
Provide support framework for body
2.
Allow attachment of muscles, tendons,
ligaments for locomotion, posture,
stability
3.
Protect vital organs (skull, thorax,
pelvis)
4.
Repository for calcium and phosphate
dynamic interchange
5.
Red marrow: blood cell manufacture
6.
Yellow marrow: fat storage
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4
Q

what is the hierarchy of biological structures (increasing complexity)

A

cells, tissues, organs, systems

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5
Q

biological building blocks of human body

A

cells

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6
Q

cells group together to form ____

A

tissues

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7
Q

structure that contains at least 2 different tissue types

A

organ

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8
Q

comprised of 2 or more organs

A

organ system

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9
Q

the musculoskeletal system is an example of ____

A

an organ system

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10
Q

cell division (differentiation) leads to ___ (number) basic tissue types

A

4

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11
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nerve tissue

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12
Q

_____ is a rigid form of connective tissue

A

bone

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13
Q

true or false: collagenous protein and carbonated hydroxyapatite are found in bone

A

true

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14
Q

bone is a _____ organ that is constantly ______ and _____

A

dynamic; remodeling , changing shape

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15
Q

true or false: bone is a composite of both biological and non-biological materials

A

true

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16
Q

the combination of bone’s mineral and protein components give bones ____ and _____

A

resilience (organic part - protein)

strength (inorganic part - calcium)

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17
Q

what are the types of cells that originate from the mesenchyme?

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osetocyte

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18
Q

what are the types of cells that are from haematopoietic origin

A

osteoclasts

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19
Q

the osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osetocyte originate from _____

A

mesenchyme

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20
Q

osteoclasts origin

A

haematopoietic origin

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21
Q

What are the 4 basic bone cell types?

A

1) osteoprogenitor (ostegenic) cells
2) osteoblasts
3) osteocytes
4) osteoclasts

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22
Q

osteoprogenitor cells give rise to _______

A

osteoblasts

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23
Q

osteoblasts are _____ cells that produce part of the _____

A

bone building cells ; matrix

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24
Q

main structural fibers of bone

A

collagen

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25
Q

osteocytes

A

bone-encapsulated osteoblasts that maintain metabolic and structural integrity of bone

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26
Q

osteoclasts

A

involved in bone resorption (removal) and remodeling

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27
Q

define mesenchyme

A

loosely organized connective tissue of any origin present in embryo

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28
Q

describe bone cell modulation

A

bone cells derived from mesenchyme can dedifferentiate into an earlier stage of bone cell types depending on various chemicals and physical stimulus

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29
Q

define dedifferentiate and provide an example

A

dedifferentiate: change to a different form
example: osteoclasts, derived from haematopoietic stem cells can dedifferentiate into monocytes

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30
Q

define haematopoietic

A

means forming cellular part of blood

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31
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells found

A

mesenchymal areas; intramembranous bone areas (skull and clavicle)

near surface of growing bones; intracartilaginous bone areas - remainder of bone

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32
Q

some osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into ____ which can later become _______

A

osteoblasts; osteocytes

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33
Q

where are osteoblasts found

A

surface of bone tissue; bone building by apposition (“layering” of bone)

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34
Q

true or false; osteoblasts are smaller than the osteoprogenitor cells from which they arise

A

false; they are larger

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35
Q

true or false; osteoblasts are larger when they are inactive

A

false; they are larger when they are active (eg., columnar cells)

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36
Q

collagens are ____ protein

A

structural

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37
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

type I collagen

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38
Q

how many different types of collagen are there? How are they different?

A 
28
difference in 
1) chemical composition 
2) molecular morphology 
3) distribution in body 
4) functions 
5) pathologies
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39
Q

true or false; collagen can stretch and bend

A

false; collagen is inelastic, which means it doesn’t stretch, but it can bend

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40
Q

what is responsible for collagen’s high tensile strength?

A

biochemical microstructure

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41
Q

collagen has a unique combination of allow for ____ and ____

A

flexibility and strength

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42
Q

Outside osteoblast, procollagen is converted to ________; multiple tropo collagen molecules form a collagen _____. Multiple fibrils form a collagen _____. Multiple fibres form a collagen _____.

A

tropocollagen; fibril; fibre; bundle

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43
Q

how many strands does procollagen have?

A

3 strands

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44
Q

Collagen bundles are initially arranged randomly in ______ (primary, immature) bone

A

woven

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45
Q

woven bone is eventually replaced by _____ bone in the adult

A

lamellar (layered)

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46
Q

osteoblasts synthesizes _____, which traps osteoblasts, which then differentiates into ____, which eventually becomes surrounded by bone within a small 3D space known as ______

A

matrix ; osteocytes ; lacuna

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47
Q

____ + ______ = matrix

A

collagen + ground substance

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48
Q

lacuna are connected with each other with tubules known as ______

A

canaliculi

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49
Q

the 3d dimensional network of canaliculi is known as _____

A

lacunocanalicular network

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50
Q

osteocytes in their lacunae are encapsuled osteoblasts which have multiple network forming _____

A

cytoplasmic extensions

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51
Q

_____ maintain integrity of bone matrix

A

osteocytes

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52
Q

where are osteocytes located

A

between or within lamellae (layers)

53
Q

what is the most abundant cell in mature bone?

A

osteocytes

54
Q

osteoclast is a type of ______

A

macrophage ; can remove bone which is important in growth, modeling, and remodeling

55
Q

where are osteoclasts located

A

Howship’s lacunae

56
Q

which cell is involved in calcium metabolism?

A

osteoclasts

57
Q

osteolysis

A

release of calcium from bones by influence of osteocytes

58
Q

osteoclasis

A

removal of entire tissue structure of bone by influence of osteoclasts

59
Q

uncalcified matrix + osteocytes =

A

osteoid

60
Q

what is the function of ground substance?

A

binds the bone cells and collagen bundles together

61
Q

uncalcified intercellular matrix = _____

calcified intercellular matrix = ______

A

uncalcified intercellular matrix = osteoid

calcified intercellular matrix = bone

62
Q

true or false; osteoid is organic

A

true

63
Q

classification of bones

A

1) shape
2) region of bone
3) type of development
4) maturity
5) macroscopic pattern
6) microscopic pattern

64
Q

mesenchymal cells proliferate, which forms ______ cells , which forms _____

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts

65
Q

a cartilage model of bone is formed by ______

A

chondroblasts

66
Q

collagen is a polymer of ______

A

tropocollagen

67
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

collagen

68
Q

how many different types of collagen are there?

A

28

69
Q

true or false; collagen is inelastic

A

true

70
Q

multiple tropocollagen molecules forms a ____

A

fibril

71
Q

multiple fibrils form ____

A

fibre

72
Q

multiple fibres form ____

A

a bundle

73
Q

_____ is found within collagen fibrils and have their long axes oriented in parallel with fibrils

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

74
Q

osteoblasts synthesizes the matrix, which traps osteoblasts which then differentiates into a(n) _____, which eventually becomes surrounded by a 3d space called a(n) ______

A

osteocyte; lacuna

75
Q

lacuna are connected to one another by very fine tubules with bone substance called ______

A

canaliculi

76
Q

a 3d network of canaliculi forms the _____ network

A

lacunocanalicular network

77
Q

Osteocytes in their lacunae are encapsulated
osteoblasts which have multiple network
forming ___________ which extend 3
dimensionally from their cell bodies through the
canaliculi

A

cytoplasmic extensions

78
Q

osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions together forms a ____

A

syncytium

79
Q

where are osetocytes located?

A

between lamellae

80
Q

What is the most abundant cell in mature bone?

A

osteocyte

81
Q

true or false; osteoclasts are multinucleated and do not differentiate

A

true

82
Q

which bone cells is a type of macrophage?

A

osteoclast

83
Q

Oseoclasts are ;ocated in “enzymatically etched

depressions” in bone matrix called ________

A

Howship’s lacunae

84
Q

osteolysis

A

release of calcium only from bone by influence of osteocytes maintains serum calcium levels (for muscle, nerve, heart metabolism)

85
Q

osteoclasis

A

removal of entire tissue structure of bone by osteoclasts

86
Q

Uncalcified matrix + osteocytes = ____

A

osteoid

87
Q

____ binds bone cells and collagen together

A

ground substance of the intercellular matrix

88
Q

calcified intercellular matrix =

A

bone

89
Q

uncalcified intercellular matrix =

A

osteoid

90
Q

main inorganic bone salt is a form of calcium phosphate known as _________

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

91
Q

calcium salts allow for _____ strength

A

compression

92
Q

collagen allows for ____ strength

A

tensile

93
Q

which bones are not derived from cartilaginous models?

A

tabular bones of skull and clavicles

94
Q

The tabular (flat) bones of the skull and the
clavicles are derived directly from
_________

A

mesenchymal cells

95
Q

a cartilage model of a bone is formed by _______

A

chondroblasts

96
Q

A _______ forms simultaneously with primary ossification centre

A

bone collar

97
Q

where is the source of growth in bone length?

A

mataphysis

98
Q

where is the site of union between diaphysis and metaphysis?

A

epiphyseal line

99
Q

what bones is the axial skeleton comprised of?

A

skull, hyoid, sternum, vertebrae, ribs

100
Q

true or false ; compact bone forms the outer casing for most bones except skull and clavicle

A

false; compact bone forms the outer casing for ALL bones

101
Q

Interior of bone may contain 3 things. What are they?

A

1) spongy bone
2) medullary cavity
3) air sinus

102
Q

diaphysis of long bones are mostly ____ bone

A

compact

103
Q

cortex of bone provides 2 things. What are they

A

1) strength and support

2) mm attachment sites

104
Q

Spongy bone is a latticework formed by anastomosis (joining) of slender, irregular plates or bars of bone
called ______

A

trabeculae

105
Q

Internal orientation of spongy bone trabeculae depends upon forces to which it is subjected may lead to formation of _____

A

trajectorial lines or arcades

106
Q

The trabecular meshwork
contained within the cortical
bone shell serves two functions:

A

1) provides strength, especially at ends of long bones

2) meshwork allows increased SA for metabolic exchange

107
Q

how are spongy bone and cortical bone the same?

A

same cells, same intercellular substance

108
Q

concentric lamellae are around ______

A

Haversian canals

109
Q

Haversian canals contain _____

A

nerves and blood vessels

110
Q

Haversian canal + contents + lamella =

A

osteon

111
Q

what is the weakest part of compact bone?

A

cement line

112
Q

where is the cement line?

A

surrounding outermost concentric lamellae

113
Q

transverse connections from Haversian canals are called _____

A

Volkmann’s canals

114
Q

vascular channels
from periosteal and
endosteal surfaces

A

Volkmann’s canals

115
Q

true or false; Volkmann’s canals are lined by concentric lamellae

A

false

116
Q

does spongy bone have the Haversian system?

A

no

117
Q

almost all adult bones are secondary (mature). Which are exceptions?

A

(exceptions: alveolar sockets, skull sutures, osseous
labyrinth (inner ear bones: malleus, incus, stapes),
some areas of bone tendon and bone ligament
attachment)

118
Q

where is the source of longitudinal bone growth?

A

epiphyseal plate or growth plate, or physis

119
Q

order of epiphyseal plate closure

A 
every - elbow
hip - hip 
archeologist - ankle 
knows - knee
which - wrists 
shovel - shoulder
120
Q

epiphyseal plate ossifications starts with females. Why?

A

hormones

121
Q

The human skeleton receives
_____ of the cardiac output
reflects significant metabolic
activity of bone

A

10-20%

122
Q

where are nerves found?

A

articular regions (joint capsules)

123
Q

nerves of periosteum primarly senses _____

A

pain

124
Q

Nerves that control blood vessel diameter inside bone (and hence the degree of blood flow) are ________

A

vasomotor nerves

125
Q

what are the cartilage types? (3)

A

1) elastic cartilage
2) hyaline cartilage
3) fibrocartilage

126
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

bones are remodeled to fit

their mechanical functions

127
Q

Law of Bone Transformation

A

bone is deposited where needed and removed where not needed

128
Q

in childhood, what happens to the thickness of the cortical bone?

A

stays the same

129
Q

in puberty, what happens to the thickness of cortical bone?

A

gets thicker

ANTH 352 (26 decks)

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