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ANTH 352 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

define joint

A

junction between 2 or more bones

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2
Q

joint =

A

articulation

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3
Q

function of joints

A

1) provide movement
2) provide stabilization
3) allow growth

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4
Q

joint +muscle allow for

A

movement

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5
Q

types of joints

A

1) immovable (skull type)
2) slightly movable (vertebrae type)
3) freely movable (limb type)

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6
Q

slightly movable types of joints

A

vertebrae type

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7
Q

the range in which a joint can move is called

A

range of motion

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8
Q

what is range of motion determined by?

A
  1. type of joint
  2. geometry of the articular surfaces
  3. regional muscles, ligaments, and tendons
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9
Q

Immoveable joints: such as seen between cranial bones edges may _____(or ______ like fingers locking together) no significant movement

A

interlock; interdigitate

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10
Q

synonyms for immovable joints

A

Synonyms: immoveable, skull, temporary, fibrous, synarthrodial

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11
Q

Slightly Moveable Joints

Vertebral Type

A

• Some movement occurs at these joints
• Usually have cartilage between bones
• Typically seen between vertebral bodies
• Synonyms: slightly moveable, vertebral,
secure, cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial

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12
Q

synonyms for slightly moveable joints

A

synonyms: slightly moveable, vertebral, secure, cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial

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13
Q

secure joints are

A

slightly moveable joints

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14
Q

freely moveable joints - limb types

A 
• Limb type joints are the most
moveable type of joint
• Ends of bones articulating at
these joints are covered by
smooth hyaline (articular)
cartilage
• Joint is filled with a lubricant
known as synovial fluid
• Freely moveable , insecure,
synovial joint, diarthrodial
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15
Q

Limb type freely moveable joints can be further subdivided , according to type of movement(s) between 2 or more bones:

A
  1. Plane = arthrodial = gliding = nonaxial
  2. Uniaxial 2 types hinge (ginglymus), pivot (trochoid)
  3. Biaxial 2 types condyloid, ellipsoid
  4. Multiaxial 2 types ball and socket, saddle (sellar)
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16
Q

Tissue between bones of a developing joint is called __________

A

interzonal mesenchyme

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17
Q

True or false: Adjacent vertebral lamenae are united by tensile fibers called ligamentum flavum

A

false; adjacent vertebral lamenae are united by elastic fibers called ligamental flavum

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18
Q

Adjacent borders of spinous processes are united by weak ________

A

interspinous ligaments

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19
Q

tips of spinous processes are united by strong

_________

A

supraspinous ligament

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20
Q

Transverse processes may be connected by weak

_________

A

intertransverse ligaments

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21
Q

conoid and trapezoid ligament are collectively known as _____ ligament

A

coracoclavicular ligament

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22
Q

define syndesmosis

A

Syndesmosis: union by ligamentous fibres, bony parts

being some distance apart, e.g.

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23
Q

Articular Processes, Facet (Apophyseal) Joints

A

zygapophyseal joints that link vertebrae and allow some gliding movement between adjacent vertebrae

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24
Q

facet joints

A

apophyseal joints - allow for gliding movement between two adjacent vertebraes

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25
typical vertebrae are united by ___ different joints:
typical vertebrae are united by 3 different joints: symphyses , syndesmoses, synovial joints
26
interzonal mesenchyme becomes a ________ in a symphyses
fibrocartilage
27
interzonal mesenchyme becomes a ________ in a limb type joint
synovial cavity
28
what is synovial cavity lined with?
synovial membrane or hyaline cartilage
29
what is synovial fluid made by?
made by inner synovial membrane layer of articular capsule
30
true or false: synovial fluid allows joint to move more freely and glide more freely
true
31
synovial fluid has high concentration of ______
hyaluronic acid
32
true or false: The synovial membrane of the joint capsule surrounds and seals the joint completely and contains the synovial fluid within the joint space
true
33
what does articular or hyaline cartilage allow for?
low friction movement and shock absorption
34
true or false: articular cartilage is vascular
false; it is avascular
35
how does articular cartilage receive nourishment?
by diffusion from synovial fluid and from adjacent subchondral bone
36
true or false: Discs usually attach to joint capsule | rather than directly to bone
true
37
define articular discs
are pads of fibrocartilage interposed between articular surfaces of two or more bones in a ‘complex’ limb type joint
38
what does articular disc say about the joint movement?
presence of articular disc means that 2 or more types of movement can occur at that joint, or that movements can occur in more than 1 plane
39
is there nerve and blood supply to articular disc?
no, except from periphery (joint capsule)
40
where are the sites of articular discs? (5 points)
(1) temporo mandibular joint (TMJ), (2) sterno clavicular joint, (3) acromio clavicular joint, (4) distal radio ulnar joint, (5) knee joint
41
meniscal function
shock absorption , transmission of loads, knee stability
42
define labrum
A labrum is a pliable ring of fibrocartilage which deepens hip and shoulder joint sockets and increases joint stability
43
plural of labrum
labra
44
where are nerves found in joints?
Nerves are found in fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.
45
nerves provide ____
proprioception & pain sensation
46
define neuropathic
nerve damage
47
bones act as ____ moved by muscles
levers
48
muscles may act on bones ____ like deltoids or ______ like tendons of biceps
directly; indirectly
49
``` 1. Immoveable skull type 2. Slightly moveable vertebral type 3. Freely moveable limb type ``` These are classified based on
degree of movement
50
a hinge and pivot joint are ____ joints
uniaxial
51
condyloid and ellipsoid are ____ joints
biaxial
52
saddle and ball and sockets are ____ joints
multiaxial
53
maximal congruence =
maximal contact
54
diarthrodial joints may be classified biomechanically
1. ) simple 2. ) compound 3. ) complex
55
simple joints
articulate at 2 surface (eg., hip joint)
56
compound joint
articulate at 3 or more surface (eg., radiocarpal joint)
57
complex joint
articulate at 2 or more surface and has articular discs (eg., TMJ)
58
Tissue between bones of a] developing joint is called interzonal mesenchyme developmental changes within this zone lead to the 3 different types of joints
1. ) synovial 2. ) cartilaginous 3. ) fibrous
59
central interzonal mesenchyme forms _____ in synovial joints
synovial membrane
60
peripheral interzonal mesenchyme forms _____ in synovial joints
joint capsule and ligaments
61
central interzonal mesenchyme forms _____ in cartilaginous joints
hyaline or fibrocartilage
62
central mesenchyme forms ____ in fibrous joints
dense fibers connective tissue (eg., sutures)
63
Teeth are bound to their alveolar sockets | by a fibrous joint known as a _______
gomphosis
64
true or false; synchondroses are confined to skull
false
65
where are synchondroses found in skull?
base of skull
66
true or false; synchondroses unite epiphyseals to remainder of bones
true
67
true or false; when bones fuse via synostoses there can still be some movement
false; no more movement after bony fusion
68
what are the 2 types of vertebral type joints
1. ) syndesmosis | 2. ) symphysis
69
true or false; symphyses has a joint cavity
false; there is no joint cavity
70
symphyses are all located in ____ plane
sagittal
71
what are the functions of hyaline cartilage and epiphyses in vertebrae?
securely constrain and enclose IV disc
72
peripheral part of IV disc
annulus fibrosus
73
center of IV disc is
nucleus pulposus
74
Schmorl nodes
herniation of IV disc ; hyaline plate has cracked
75
Adjacent vertebral laminae are united by elastic fibres called _______
ligamentum flavum
76
``` Adjacent borders of spinous processes are united by weak __________; tips are united by strong ____________ ``` Transverse processes may be connected by weak _________
``` Adjacent borders of spinous processes are united by weak interspinous ligaments; tips are united by strong supraspinous ligament Transverse processes may be connected by weak intertransverse ligaments ```
77
apophyseal or zygapophyseal joint
facet joints whereby articular process of vertebrae are united by articular (joint) capsules
78
what are the 3 types of joints in the vertebral column?
1. ) synovial (apophyseal) 2. ) symphyses 3. ) syndesmoses
79
interzonal membrane becomes _____ in a symphyses
fibrocartilage
80
interzonal membrane becomes a _____ in a synovial joint
synovial cavity
81
what is synovial joint fluid made by
inner synovial membrane
82
synovial fluid has high concentration of
hyaluronic acid
83
what does hyaline cartilage allow for
low friction movement and shock absorption
84
how does hyaline cartilage get nutrient from
avascular, so gets nutrients via diffusion from synovial membrane and subchondral bone
85
articular discs are pads of
fibrocartilage
86
true or false; knee meniscus is a type of articular disc
true
87
Fibrous capsule of a joint may be regionally thickened to form __________
ligaments
88
nerves allow for
proprioception and pain sensation
89
pivot =
trochoid
90
biaxial joints (eg., condylar and ellipsoid) allow for
circumduction (also by multiaxial joint)
91
suture is formed from ____
membrane bone
92
synchondrosis is formed from ____
cartilage bone
93
what type of joint is gomphosis?
fibrous
94
true or false: sutures allow for skull growth
true
95
which way does herniation often occur?
posterorlaterally , which impinges spinal nerve
96
ligaments are comprised of ___ and ____
collagen (tensile strength | elastin (stretch and return)
97
what does the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament allow for?
stabilize and constrain movement of intervertebral joints
98
how long does the anterior and posterior ligament extend for?
from sacrum to base of skull
99
true or false: ligamentum flavum is collagen
false; it is elastic
100
Synovial membrane is reflected (turned back) onto bone to periphery of articular cartilage. What does this allow for?
redundancy of membrane allows more movement
101
what does collateral circulation allow for?
acts as bypass to | allow continued blood flow

ANTH 352 (26 decks)

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