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ANTH 352 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

define joint

A

junction between 2 or more bones

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2
Q

joint =

A

articulation

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3
Q

function of joints

A

1) provide movement
2) provide stabilization
3) allow growth

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4
Q

joint +muscle allow for

A

movement

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5
Q

types of joints

A

1) immovable (skull type)
2) slightly movable (vertebrae type)
3) freely movable (limb type)

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6
Q

slightly movable types of joints

A

vertebrae type

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7
Q

the range in which a joint can move is called

A

range of motion

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8
Q

what is range of motion determined by?

A
  1. type of joint
  2. geometry of the articular surfaces
  3. regional muscles, ligaments, and tendons
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9
Q

Immoveable joints: such as seen between cranial bones edges may _____(or ______ like fingers locking together) no significant movement

A

interlock; interdigitate

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10
Q

synonyms for immovable joints

A

Synonyms: immoveable, skull, temporary, fibrous, synarthrodial

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11
Q

Slightly Moveable Joints

Vertebral Type

A

• Some movement occurs at these joints
• Usually have cartilage between bones
• Typically seen between vertebral bodies
• Synonyms: slightly moveable, vertebral,
secure, cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial

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12
Q

synonyms for slightly moveable joints

A

synonyms: slightly moveable, vertebral, secure, cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial

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13
Q

secure joints are

A

slightly moveable joints

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14
Q

freely moveable joints - limb types

A 
• Limb type joints are the most
moveable type of joint
• Ends of bones articulating at
these joints are covered by
smooth hyaline (articular)
cartilage
• Joint is filled with a lubricant
known as synovial fluid
• Freely moveable , insecure,
synovial joint, diarthrodial
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15
Q

Limb type freely moveable joints can be further subdivided , according to type of movement(s) between 2 or more bones:

A
  1. Plane = arthrodial = gliding = nonaxial
  2. Uniaxial 2 types hinge (ginglymus), pivot (trochoid)
  3. Biaxial 2 types condyloid, ellipsoid
  4. Multiaxial 2 types ball and socket, saddle (sellar)
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16
Q

Tissue between bones of a developing joint is called __________

A

interzonal mesenchyme

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17
Q

True or false: Adjacent vertebral lamenae are united by tensile fibers called ligamentum flavum

A

false; adjacent vertebral lamenae are united by elastic fibers called ligamental flavum

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18
Q

Adjacent borders of spinous processes are united by weak ________

A

interspinous ligaments

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19
Q

tips of spinous processes are united by strong

_________

A

supraspinous ligament

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20
Q

Transverse processes may be connected by weak

_________

A

intertransverse ligaments

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21
Q

conoid and trapezoid ligament are collectively known as _____ ligament

A

coracoclavicular ligament

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22
Q

define syndesmosis

A

Syndesmosis: union by ligamentous fibres, bony parts

being some distance apart, e.g.

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23
Q

Articular Processes, Facet (Apophyseal) Joints

A

zygapophyseal joints that link vertebrae and allow some gliding movement between adjacent vertebrae

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24
Q

facet joints

A

apophyseal joints - allow for gliding movement between two adjacent vertebraes

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25
Q

typical vertebrae are united by ___ different joints:

A

typical vertebrae are united by 3 different joints: symphyses , syndesmoses, synovial joints

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26
Q

interzonal mesenchyme becomes a ________ in a symphyses

A

fibrocartilage

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27
Q

interzonal mesenchyme becomes a ________ in a limb type joint

A

synovial cavity

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28
Q

what is synovial cavity lined with?

A

synovial membrane or hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

what is synovial fluid made by?

A

made by inner synovial membrane layer of articular capsule

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30
Q

true or false: synovial fluid allows joint to move more freely and glide more freely

A

true

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31
Q

synovial fluid has high concentration of ______

A

hyaluronic acid

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32
Q

true or false: The synovial membrane of the joint capsule surrounds and seals the joint completely and contains the synovial fluid within the joint space

A

true

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33
Q

what does articular or hyaline cartilage allow for?

A

low friction movement and shock absorption

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34
Q

true or false: articular cartilage is vascular

A

false; it is avascular

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35
Q

how does articular cartilage receive nourishment?

A

by diffusion from synovial fluid and from adjacent subchondral bone

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36
Q

true or false: Discs usually attach to joint capsule

rather than directly to bone

A

true

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37
Q

define articular discs

A

are pads of fibrocartilage interposed between articular surfaces of two or more bones in a ‘complex’ limb
type joint

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38
Q

what does articular disc say about the joint movement?

A

presence of articular disc means that 2 or more types of movement can occur at that joint, or that movements can occur in more than 1 plane

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39
Q

is there nerve and blood supply to articular disc?

A

no, except from periphery (joint capsule)

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40
Q

where are the sites of articular discs? (5 points)

A

(1) temporo mandibular joint (TMJ), (2) sterno
clavicular joint, (3) acromio clavicular
joint, (4) distal radio ulnar joint, (5) knee
joint

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41
Q

meniscal function

A

shock absorption , transmission of loads, knee stability

42
Q

define labrum

A

A labrum is a pliable ring of fibrocartilage which deepens hip and shoulder joint sockets and increases
joint stability

43
Q

plural of labrum

A

labra

44
Q

where are nerves found in joints?

A

Nerves are found in fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.

45
Q

nerves provide ____

A

proprioception & pain sensation

46
Q

define neuropathic

A

nerve damage

47
Q

bones act as ____ moved by muscles

A

levers

48
Q

muscles may act on bones ____ like deltoids or ______ like tendons of biceps

A

directly; indirectly

49
Q 
1.
Immoveable skull type
2.
Slightly moveable vertebral type
3.
Freely moveable limb type

These are classified based on

A

degree of movement

50
Q

a hinge and pivot joint are ____ joints

A

uniaxial

51
Q

condyloid and ellipsoid are ____ joints

A

biaxial

52
Q

saddle and ball and sockets are ____ joints

A

multiaxial

53
Q

maximal congruence =

A

maximal contact

54
Q

diarthrodial joints may be classified biomechanically

A
  1. ) simple
  2. ) compound
  3. ) complex
55
Q

simple joints

A

articulate at 2 surface (eg., hip joint)

56
Q

compound joint

A

articulate at 3 or more surface (eg., radiocarpal joint)

57
Q

complex joint

A

articulate at 2 or more surface and has articular discs (eg., TMJ)

58
Q

Tissue between bones of a] developing joint is called interzonal mesenchyme developmental changes within this zone lead to the 3 different types of joints

A
  1. ) synovial
  2. ) cartilaginous
  3. ) fibrous
59
Q

central interzonal mesenchyme forms _____ in synovial joints

A

synovial membrane

60
Q

peripheral interzonal mesenchyme forms _____ in synovial joints

A

joint capsule and ligaments

61
Q

central interzonal mesenchyme forms _____ in cartilaginous joints

A

hyaline or fibrocartilage

62
Q

central mesenchyme forms ____ in fibrous joints

A

dense fibers connective tissue (eg., sutures)

63
Q

Teeth are bound to their alveolar sockets

by a fibrous joint known as a _______

A

gomphosis

64
Q

true or false; synchondroses are confined to skull

A

false

65
Q

where are synchondroses found in skull?

A

base of skull

66
Q

true or false; synchondroses unite epiphyseals to remainder of bones

A

true

67
Q

true or false; when bones fuse via synostoses there can still be some movement

A

false; no more movement after bony fusion

68
Q

what are the 2 types of vertebral type joints

A
  1. ) syndesmosis

2. ) symphysis

69
Q

true or false; symphyses has a joint cavity

A

false; there is no joint cavity

70
Q

symphyses are all located in ____ plane

A

sagittal

71
Q

what are the functions of hyaline cartilage and epiphyses in vertebrae?

A

securely constrain and enclose IV disc

72
Q

peripheral part of IV disc

A

annulus fibrosus

73
Q

center of IV disc is

A

nucleus pulposus

74
Q

Schmorl nodes

A

herniation of IV disc ; hyaline plate has cracked

75
Q

Adjacent vertebral laminae are united by elastic fibres called _______

A

ligamentum flavum

76
Q 
Adjacent borders of
spinous processes are
united by weak
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_;
tips are united by strong
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Transverse processes may
be connected by weak
_________

A 
Adjacent borders of
spinous processes are
united by weak
interspinous ligaments;
tips are united by strong
supraspinous ligament
Transverse processes may
be connected by weak
intertransverse ligaments
77
Q

apophyseal or zygapophyseal joint

A

facet joints whereby articular process of vertebrae are united by articular (joint) capsules

78
Q

what are the 3 types of joints in the vertebral column?

A
  1. ) synovial (apophyseal)
  2. ) symphyses
  3. ) syndesmoses
79
Q

interzonal membrane becomes _____ in a symphyses

A

fibrocartilage

80
Q

interzonal membrane becomes a _____ in a synovial joint

A

synovial cavity

81
Q

what is synovial joint fluid made by

A

inner synovial membrane

82
Q

synovial fluid has high concentration of

A

hyaluronic acid

83
Q

what does hyaline cartilage allow for

A

low friction movement and shock absorption

84
Q

how does hyaline cartilage get nutrient from

A

avascular, so gets nutrients via diffusion from synovial membrane and subchondral bone

85
Q

articular discs are pads of

A

fibrocartilage

86
Q

true or false; knee meniscus is a type of articular disc

A

true

87
Q

Fibrous capsule of a joint may be regionally thickened to form
__________

A

ligaments

88
Q

nerves allow for

A

proprioception and pain sensation

89
Q

pivot =

A

trochoid

90
Q

biaxial joints (eg., condylar and ellipsoid) allow for

A

circumduction (also by multiaxial joint)

91
Q

suture is formed from ____

A

membrane bone

92
Q

synchondrosis is formed from ____

A

cartilage bone

93
Q

what type of joint is gomphosis?

A

fibrous

94
Q

true or false: sutures allow for skull growth

A

true

95
Q

which way does herniation often occur?

A

posterorlaterally , which impinges spinal nerve

96
Q

ligaments are comprised of ___ and ____

A

collagen (tensile strength

elastin (stretch and return)

97
Q

what does the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament allow for?

A

stabilize and constrain movement of intervertebral joints

98
Q

how long does the anterior and posterior ligament extend for?

A

from sacrum to base of skull

99
Q

true or false: ligamentum flavum is collagen

A

false; it is elastic

100
Q

Synovial membrane is reflected (turned back) onto bone to periphery of articular cartilage. What does this allow for?

A

redundancy of
membrane allows more
movement

101
Q

what does collateral circulation allow for?

A

acts as bypass to

allow continued blood flow

ANTH 352 (26 decks)

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