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ANTH 352 > Week 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

define homology

A

thesis that specific organs of living members of an animal group came from (with modification, slight or marked) from basically identical organs present in their common ancestors

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2
Q

what are the 6 basic vertebrae characteristics ?

A
  1. ) bilateral symmetry
  2. ) cephalization
  3. ) pharyngeal gill slits
  4. ) notochord
  5. ) ventral digestive system
  6. ) coelom
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3
Q

variation in bone count - what might cause there to be more bones in a skeleton than expected?

A

more bones in younger individuals
accessory bones
supernumerary bones

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4
Q

variation in bone count - what might cause there to be less bones in a skeleton than expected?

A 
fusion of bones 
congenial, traumatic, or surgical absence of bones 
loss due to animal scavenging 
taphonomic processes '
poor archaeological recovery processes
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5
Q

define appendicular skeleton components

A

upper and lower limbs

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6
Q

define axial skeleton components

A 
hyoid bone 
skull 
sternum 
ribs 
vertebrae
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7
Q

bones may be classified by several different systems. Name them

A
  1. ) type of development
  2. ) region of skeleton
  3. ) shape of bone
  4. ) macroscopic pattern
  5. ) matrix pattern
  6. ) maturity
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8
Q

define the 4 types of human variation

A 
ontogeny - growth of an individual 
sexual dimorphism - skeletal variation according to sex of an individual 
geographic or population variation - biological affinity, clinical variation, formerly known as race 
individual variation (idiosyncratic variation)
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9
Q

animals may also move location of bones, a process known as ____

A

scattering, or scavenging

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10
Q

animals may leave marks on bones due to their

A

teeth, claws, beak

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11
Q

what effects can moving water have on bones?

A

erosion, and movement of bone

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12
Q

can bones be bleached by both fresh and salt water?

A

yes

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13
Q

what are the effects of sun exposure on bones?

A

bleaching, whitening, and brittleness

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14
Q

what is ‘coffin wear’

A

when skeleton is in a coffin (assumable supine position), the parts of the skeleton in contact with the coffin will experience mild mechanical abrasion or polishing of bones

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15
Q

describe mechanical erosion

A

a process of slow and gradual abrasion and erosion of bone due to small movement of bone against a hard surface

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16
Q

changes due to decomposition may lead to ____ and ____

A

pathological disease ; cultural (anthropogenic) changes

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17
Q

decomposition can occur at different rates at different parts of the body. This is primarily due to what?

A

exposure

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18
Q

what is the major cause of most mortem bone modification?

A

chemical processes

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19
Q

what taphonomic processes are described by the “depositional environment”?

A

animal/bacterial and physicochemical processes

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20
Q

what are the 3 general categories of taphonomic processes ?

A
  1. ) animal/bacterial process
  2. ) physicochemical process
  3. ) hominid process
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21
Q

define taphonomy

A

general term for post mortem modification of bones and teeth

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22
Q

what processes can modify bones and teeth before death?

A

disease (pathology) and cultural processes

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23
Q

what are the elements of the “biological profile”?

A

sex
age
ancestry
stature

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24
Q

what are the primary differences of vertebrate bones?

A

size

local variations in morphology

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25
Q

define minimum number of species

A

least possible number of species in a skeletal assemblage

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26
Q

define secondary questions in bone assemblage

A

after identifying that it is a bone, there are supplemental questions (general) about the bone, then more specific questions to identify more information about the individual

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27
Q

define primary questions in bone identification

A

is a previously unidentified object actually bone?

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28
Q

define provenience

A

the 3d location of an artifact (in this case, a bone)

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29
Q

define provanence

A

the chronology of an object from when it was found to present time

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30
Q

bones and teeth, which we study in osteology, are subject to the effects of ____ and _____

A

genetics ; environment

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31
Q

define fetal stage

A

at the end of 7th week to birth (approx 40 weeks), organ development continues

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32
Q

define embryologic phase

A

from conception to week 7. beginning of all major organs are present

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33
Q

define developmental anatomy

A

changes in morphology that occur between point of conception and final physical maturity of an individual

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34
Q

define histology

A

microscopic anatomy

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35
Q

define gross anatomy

A

anatomy visible to naked eye, or macroscopic anatomy

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36
Q

what are the major functions of bones which comprise a human skeleton?

A
  1. ) supporting framework
  2. ) attachment point for mm
  3. ) protection of vital organs
  4. ) repository for calcium
  5. ) red blood cell manufacture
  6. ) yellow marrow storage (fat storage)
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37
Q

with lack of mechanical stimuli, bones may ___, or shrink in size, or _____, or with increase mechanical stimuli, bones may _____, or enlarge

A

atrophy ; hypertrophy

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38
Q

what is a primary concern in metric osteology when commenting on measurements taken on ancient human skeletal remains?

A

It is difficult to compare extant with extinct populations, as there are no known large population of ancient skeletal skeletal specimens with which to compare

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39
Q

the physiology of bones refer to

A

functions and activities of bones

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40
Q

the anatomy of bones refer to

A

form and structure of bones

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41
Q

what is osteology

A

study of bones

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42
Q

true or false - osteology includes anatomy and physiology of bones

A

true

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43
Q

osteology - palaeontology

A

study of ancient populations

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44
Q

what allows ancient bones to be studied by a broader audience of osteologists?

A

3d printing

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45
Q

osteology - metric studies

A

involved measurements of skeletal components

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46
Q

why is metric studies useful?

A

useful in measuring age estimation, sex estimation, stature estimation, biological group assignments, growth patterns

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47
Q

osteology - palaeopathology

A

study of diseases in ancient populations, especially those that leave evidence on bone

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48
Q

osteology - forensic osteology

A

application of osteological techniques to the law

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49
Q

osteology - anatomical studies

A

knowing the interplay between mm and bones to understand biomechanical relationships between bones and mm that move them

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50
Q

true or false:

bone is a living tissue that has nerves, cells, lymphatics, arteries, and veins

A

true

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51
Q

____ + _____ = skeleton

A

bones + cartilage = skeleton

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52
Q

what does cartilage allow for?

A

allows for smooth joint movements and flexibility

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53
Q

levers are to _____ and fulcrums are to ____

A

levers are to bones and fulcrums are to joints

54
Q

what does the pelvis protect?

A

genitourinary system

55
Q

where is bone marrow stored?

A

medullary cavity of bones

56
Q

_____ are stored in fat cells and are released to provide energy

A

triglycerides

57
Q

what are the functions of red bone marrow?

A

haematopoiesis allows for production of platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells

58
Q

the pelvis and shoulder girdle is part of the _____ skeleton

A

appendicular skeleton

59
Q

what are the subdivisions of anatomical studies

A
  1. ) gross anatomy
  2. ) histology
  3. ) comparative anatomy
  4. ) developmental anatomy
60
Q

gross anatomy is to ___ anatomy and histology is to ____ anatomy

A

gross anatomy is to macroscopic anatomy and histology is to microscopic anatomy (p 61, 62)

61
Q

what techniques are used in histology (microscopic anatomy)?

A
  1. ) light microscopy
  2. ) electron microscopy
    a) transmission
    b) scanning
62
Q

comparative anatomy

A

study of anatomy of animals other than humans (involves both macroscopic and microscopic anatomy)

63
Q

developmental anatomy

A

study of changes in morphology (shape) that occur between the point of conception and the final physical maturity of an individual

64
Q

why is developmental anatomy important in osteology?

A

errors in the development in the individual may reflect in the final structure of the bones

it is also useful to study the developmental anatomy of animals (aside from humans) as we go through similar stages of development. It is hard to analyze the development of humans due to moral, cultural, and legal proscriptions

65
Q

conception

A

2 weeks after last missed menstrual cycle

66
Q

embryologic phase

A

extends until the end of week 8 after conception - beginning of all major organs are present

67
Q

beginning of all major organs are present

A

embryologic phase

68
Q

fetal phase

A

after embryonic phase until birth - organ development continues

69
Q

human development stages

A

infancy - birth to 1 year
childhood - 1 year to puberty
adolescence - puberty to adulthood
adulthood - emerging, middle, older

70
Q

minimum number of individuals (MNI)

A

least possible number of individuals (human or non human) represented in a skeletal assemblage - established by logical deduction from number of bones available

71
Q

what principle is used to describe the least amount of individuals in a particular skeletal recovery site

A

principle of parsimony (economy of explanation)

in the case of establishing MNI, parsimony implies using the simplest assumption when interpreting osteological data

72
Q

If possible, what should be determined first before determining the MNI?

A

if possible, sex identification should be established first, prior to determining MNI

73
Q

why is MNI a good tactic when identifying bones?

A

MNI will never overestimate the number of individuals on site, but it could underestimate the number of individuals on site

74
Q

define minimum number of species

A

least possible number of species (human and non human) in a skeletal assemblage - established by logical deduction, similar to MNI

75
Q

what are ways bone and teeth can be modified antemortem (before death)

A 
disease 
aging 
surgery
trauma 
culturally
76
Q

postmortem processes can also be called _____

A

taphonomic processes

77
Q

What is the 3 general categories of taphonomic process

A
  1. ) hominid (anthropogenic)
  2. ) biological (depositional environment)
  3. ) physicochemical (depositional environment)
78
Q

define anthropogenic

A

caused by humans

79
Q

define depositional environment

A

where human remains are found (deposited)

80
Q

biological taphonomic change

A

caused by non human animals, fungi, bacteria

81
Q

anthropogenic taphonomic change

A

caused by humans - cultural, criminal

82
Q

physicochemical taphonomic change

A

chemical, mechanical, geological, radiation

83
Q

the sun caused fossilization of an animal. This is an example of ______ taphonomic change

A

physicochemical taphonomic change

84
Q

fungi and bacteria caused _____ taphonomic change on an animal.

A

biological taphonomic change

85
Q

a bird caused ____ taphonomic change on an animal.

A

biological taphonomic change

86
Q

what is the main cause of post mortem bone modification?

A

chemical erosion

87
Q

what would affect the rate of progression in chemical changes of bone

A

soil temp, type of burial, soil acidity, soil water content/ soil drainage, quality of bone at the time of death

88
Q

coffin wear is an example of _____ erosion

A

mechanical erosion

89
Q

pressure effect on a supine skeleton in a coffin is an example of ____ erosion

A

mechanical erosion

90
Q

define taphonomy

A

post mortem changes

91
Q

what can be used to lighten color of bone in a laboratory setting?

A

bleach (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl)

excessive exposure to bleach is bad (overwhitens, deteriotates internal)

92
Q

what is an example of therapeutic alteration?

A

skull trephination (trepanation)

93
Q

what are interproximal grooves caused by

A

caries (cavities)
alveolar abscesses
pain relief efforts

94
Q

all living humans belong to a single genus and species. What are the species

A

homo sapien

95
Q

what are the four types of human variation

A
  1. ) ontogeny (growth of an individual)
  2. ) sexual dimorphism
  3. ) geographic or population variation ( ancestory, race, biological affinity, clinal variation, race )
  4. ) individual or indiosyncratic

(understanding variation is critical to understanding the past)

96
Q

what is ontogeny (growth of an individual useful in estimating)

A

ontogeny is useful in estimating age at death

97
Q

how is ontogenic variation assessed?

A

comparing individuals dying at different growth stages

98
Q

how is sex, geographic (clinal), and individual variation assessed?

A

assessed by studying large samples of male and female remains

99
Q

classification of bones

A
  1. ) type of development
  2. ) region of skeleton
  3. ) shape of bones
  4. ) macroscopic pattern
  5. ) matrix pattern
  6. ) maturity
100
Q

endochondral (intracartilaginous) development

A

bone develops from preexisting cartilage model

101
Q

dermal (intramembranous) development

A

bone arises directly from membrane, with no preexisting model

102
Q

what could cause a smaller variation in bone count antemortem?

A
  1. ) fusion of bone (growth plate closure); disease related fusion
  2. ) congenital absence of bones, traumatic or surgical absence
103
Q

true or false: radially symmetric animals are more active than bilaterally symmetric animals

A

false

104
Q

define cephalization

A

tendency toward concentration of sensory structures and function at “at head end” of body

105
Q

what is the most distinctive feature of vertebrates?

A

pharyngeal gill slits (p 238) it is present in the embryo, if not the adult (eventually develops into the jaw and inner ear bones)

106
Q

Remains of notochord in humans are found where?

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

107
Q

define coelom

A

body cavities, filled with watery fluid, and is where most major organs are found, eg (digestive system in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity, lungs in the pleural cavity, heart in pericardial cavity)

108
Q

hand of a human, wings of a bat, flipper of whale, all have the same basic structure. This is an example of ____

A

homology

109
Q

define homology

A

idea that specific organs of living members of an animal group has descended (with modification) from basically identical organs from their common ancestors

110
Q

what is anthropology?

A

study of human diversity over time and space

111
Q

what are the 4 fields of anthropology ?

A
  1. ) biological (what this is)
  2. ) archaeological
  3. ) linguistics (language; what’s the component of language)
  4. ) cultural
112
Q

Why do we study bones and teeth?

A

is subject to history of genetics and environment

- both survive environmental extremes post-mortem

113
Q

define palaeontology

A

study of ancient populations

114
Q

define forensic osteology

A

fornesic means you study remains of humans after murder or study death (often used in medical sciences). Use remain of bones to find out what injuries they got

115
Q

True or false: bone is a connective tissue

A

true; slide 48

116
Q

true or false: cartilage is a connective tissue

A

true

117
Q

what kind of study of anatomy would be used to study evolution of animals?

A

comparative anatomy ; as it uses non human animals to compare it to animals -> this can be used to help advance technology such as robots (studying flamingo)

118
Q

a cat is used instead of a baby to study the nervous system of baby until adulthood. What kind of anatomy is being used here?

A

developmental anatomy

119
Q

what phase do major organs start to develop ?

A

embryologic phase

120
Q

What are the 3 V’s in osteology?

A
  1. ) variation
  2. ) visual
  3. ) vocabulary
121
Q

define strata

A

soil layers

statigraphy can also determine an object’s provenance by describing the soil layer in which it was found

122
Q

What techniques can be used to differentiated human skeletal remains from animal skeletal remains?

A
  1. ) macroscopic
  2. ) microscopic / histology
  3. ) DNA (if not degraded)
123
Q

what are the primary questions for identifying fragmented bones?

A
  1. ) is it human bone or non human
  2. ) bone morphologic characteristic (primary technique)
  3. ) microscopy (bone histology)
  4. ) DNA (if not degraded)
124
Q

what are secondary questions when identifying bone?

A
  1. ) age, ancestry, biological profile (sex, ancestry, age, stature)
  2. ) pathology, including trauma antemortem
  3. ) biomechanics
  4. ) phylogenetics
  5. ) taphonomy
  6. ) identity (if they were preserved very well, you might be able to identify who they were in that lifetime)
125
Q

what are primary questions for identifying whole bones?

A
  1. ) is it a bone?
  2. ) is it a human bone?
  3. ) postcranial or cranial?
  4. ) which bone is it?
  5. ) is it juvenile bone or adult bone?
126
Q

true or false: the combination of pressure and moisture can cause erosion on bones

A

true

127
Q

what is an example of pressure effect?

A

coffin wear

128
Q

what will overbleaching do to bones?

A
  1. ) surface bone deterioration
  2. ) internal deterioration
  3. ) over whiten bone
129
Q

how do female bones differ from male bones?

A

more gracile, typically smaller

130
Q

which is older, paleontological or archeological?

A

paleontological (100,000years - 1 000 000years)

archaeological (100 years - 1000years)

ANTH 352 (26 decks)

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