Week 1 - Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
define homology
A
thesis that specific organs of living members of an animal group came from (with modification, slight or marked) from basically identical organs present in their common ancestors
2
Q
what are the 6 basic vertebrae characteristics ?
A
- ) bilateral symmetry
- ) cephalization
- ) pharyngeal gill slits
- ) notochord
- ) ventral digestive system
- ) coelom
3
Q
variation in bone count - what might cause there to be more bones in a skeleton than expected?
A
more bones in younger individuals
accessory bones
supernumerary bones
4
Q
variation in bone count - what might cause there to be less bones in a skeleton than expected?
A
fusion of bones congenial, traumatic, or surgical absence of bones loss due to animal scavenging taphonomic processes ' poor archaeological recovery processes
5
Q
define appendicular skeleton components
A
upper and lower limbs
6
Q
define axial skeleton components
A
hyoid bone skull sternum ribs vertebrae
7
Q
bones may be classified by several different systems. Name them
A
- ) type of development
- ) region of skeleton
- ) shape of bone
- ) macroscopic pattern
- ) matrix pattern
- ) maturity
8
Q
define the 4 types of human variation
A
ontogeny - growth of an individual sexual dimorphism - skeletal variation according to sex of an individual geographic or population variation - biological affinity, clinical variation, formerly known as race individual variation (idiosyncratic variation)
9
Q
animals may also move location of bones, a process known as ____
A
scattering, or scavenging
10
Q
animals may leave marks on bones due to their
A
teeth, claws, beak
11
Q
what effects can moving water have on bones?
A
erosion, and movement of bone
12
Q
can bones be bleached by both fresh and salt water?
A
yes
13
Q
what are the effects of sun exposure on bones?
A
bleaching, whitening, and brittleness
14
Q
what is ‘coffin wear’
A
when skeleton is in a coffin (assumable supine position), the parts of the skeleton in contact with the coffin will experience mild mechanical abrasion or polishing of bones
15
Q
describe mechanical erosion
A
a process of slow and gradual abrasion and erosion of bone due to small movement of bone against a hard surface
16
Q
changes due to decomposition may lead to ____ and ____
A
pathological disease ; cultural (anthropogenic) changes
17
Q
decomposition can occur at different rates at different parts of the body. This is primarily due to what?
A
exposure
18
Q
what is the major cause of most mortem bone modification?
A
chemical processes
19
Q
what taphonomic processes are described by the “depositional environment”?
A
animal/bacterial and physicochemical processes
20
Q
what are the 3 general categories of taphonomic processes ?
A
- ) animal/bacterial process
- ) physicochemical process
- ) hominid process
21
Q
define taphonomy
A
general term for post mortem modification of bones and teeth
22
Q
what processes can modify bones and teeth before death?
A
disease (pathology) and cultural processes
23
Q
what are the elements of the “biological profile”?
A
sex
age
ancestry
stature
24
Q
what are the primary differences of vertebrate bones?
A
size
local variations in morphology
25
define minimum number of species
least possible number of species in a skeletal assemblage
26
define secondary questions in bone assemblage
after identifying that it is a bone, there are supplemental questions (general) about the bone, then more specific questions to identify more information about the individual
27
define primary questions in bone identification
is a previously unidentified object actually bone?
28
define provenience
the 3d location of an artifact (in this case, a bone)
29
define provanence
the chronology of an object from when it was found to present time
30
bones and teeth, which we study in osteology, are subject to the effects of ____ and _____
genetics ; environment
31
define fetal stage
at the end of 7th week to birth (approx 40 weeks), organ development continues
32
define embryologic phase
from conception to week 7. beginning of all major organs are present
33
define developmental anatomy
changes in morphology that occur between point of conception and final physical maturity of an individual
34
define histology
microscopic anatomy
35
define gross anatomy
anatomy visible to naked eye, or macroscopic anatomy
36
what are the major functions of bones which comprise a human skeleton?
1. ) supporting framework
2. ) attachment point for mm
3. ) protection of vital organs
4. ) repository for calcium
5. ) red blood cell manufacture
6. ) yellow marrow storage (fat storage)
37
with lack of mechanical stimuli, bones may ___, or shrink in size, or _____, or with increase mechanical stimuli, bones may _____, or enlarge
atrophy ; hypertrophy
38
what is a primary concern in metric osteology when commenting on measurements taken on ancient human skeletal remains?
It is difficult to compare extant with extinct populations, as there are no known large population of ancient skeletal skeletal specimens with which to compare
39
the physiology of bones refer to
functions and activities of bones
40
the anatomy of bones refer to
form and structure of bones
41
what is osteology
study of bones
42
true or false - osteology includes anatomy and physiology of bones
true
43
osteology - palaeontology
study of ancient populations
44
what allows ancient bones to be studied by a broader audience of osteologists?
3d printing
45
osteology - metric studies
involved measurements of skeletal components
46
why is metric studies useful?
useful in measuring age estimation, sex estimation, stature estimation, biological group assignments, growth patterns
47
osteology - palaeopathology
study of diseases in ancient populations, especially those that leave evidence on bone
48
osteology - forensic osteology
application of osteological techniques to the law
49
osteology - anatomical studies
knowing the interplay between mm and bones to understand biomechanical relationships between bones and mm that move them
50
true or false:
| bone is a living tissue that has nerves, cells, lymphatics, arteries, and veins
true
51
____ + _____ = skeleton
bones + cartilage = skeleton
52
what does cartilage allow for?
allows for smooth joint movements and flexibility
53
levers are to _____ and fulcrums are to ____
levers are to bones and fulcrums are to joints
54
what does the pelvis protect?
genitourinary system
55
where is bone marrow stored?
medullary cavity of bones
56
_____ are stored in fat cells and are released to provide energy
triglycerides
57
what are the functions of red bone marrow?
haematopoiesis allows for production of platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells
58
the pelvis and shoulder girdle is part of the _____ skeleton
appendicular skeleton
59
what are the subdivisions of anatomical studies
1. ) gross anatomy
2. ) histology
3. ) comparative anatomy
4. ) developmental anatomy
60
gross anatomy is to ___ anatomy and histology is to ____ anatomy
gross anatomy is to macroscopic anatomy and histology is to microscopic anatomy (p 61, 62)
61
what techniques are used in histology (microscopic anatomy)?
1. ) light microscopy
2. ) electron microscopy
a) transmission
b) scanning
62
comparative anatomy
study of anatomy of animals other than humans (involves both macroscopic and microscopic anatomy)
63
developmental anatomy
study of changes in morphology (shape) that occur between the point of conception and the final physical maturity of an individual
64
why is developmental anatomy important in osteology?
errors in the development in the individual may reflect in the final structure of the bones
it is also useful to study the developmental anatomy of animals (aside from humans) as we go through similar stages of development. It is hard to analyze the development of humans due to moral, cultural, and legal proscriptions
65
conception
2 weeks after last missed menstrual cycle
66
embryologic phase
extends until the end of week 8 after conception - beginning of all major organs are present
67
beginning of all major organs are present
embryologic phase
68
fetal phase
after embryonic phase until birth - organ development continues
69
human development stages
infancy - birth to 1 year
childhood - 1 year to puberty
adolescence - puberty to adulthood
adulthood - emerging, middle, older
70
minimum number of individuals (MNI)
least possible number of individuals (human or non human) represented in a skeletal assemblage - established by logical deduction from number of bones available
71
what principle is used to describe the least amount of individuals in a particular skeletal recovery site
principle of parsimony (economy of explanation)
in the case of establishing MNI, parsimony implies using the simplest assumption when interpreting osteological data
72
If possible, what should be determined first before determining the MNI?
if possible, sex identification should be established first, prior to determining MNI
73
why is MNI a good tactic when identifying bones?
MNI will never overestimate the number of individuals on site, but it could underestimate the number of individuals on site
74
define minimum number of species
least possible number of species (human and non human) in a skeletal assemblage - established by logical deduction, similar to MNI
75
what are ways bone and teeth can be modified antemortem (before death)
```
disease
aging
surgery
trauma
culturally
```
76
postmortem processes can also be called _____
taphonomic processes
77
What is the 3 general categories of taphonomic process
1. ) hominid (anthropogenic)
2. ) biological (depositional environment)
3. ) physicochemical (depositional environment)
78
define anthropogenic
caused by humans
79
define depositional environment
where human remains are found (deposited)
80
biological taphonomic change
caused by non human animals, fungi, bacteria
81
anthropogenic taphonomic change
caused by humans - cultural, criminal
82
physicochemical taphonomic change
chemical, mechanical, geological, radiation
83
the sun caused fossilization of an animal. This is an example of ______ taphonomic change
physicochemical taphonomic change
84
fungi and bacteria caused _____ taphonomic change on an animal.
biological taphonomic change
85
a bird caused ____ taphonomic change on an animal.
biological taphonomic change
86
what is the main cause of post mortem bone modification?
chemical erosion
87
what would affect the rate of progression in chemical changes of bone
soil temp, type of burial, soil acidity, soil water content/ soil drainage, quality of bone at the time of death
88
coffin wear is an example of _____ erosion
mechanical erosion
89
pressure effect on a supine skeleton in a coffin is an example of ____ erosion
mechanical erosion
90
define taphonomy
post mortem changes
91
what can be used to lighten color of bone in a laboratory setting?
bleach (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl)
excessive exposure to bleach is bad (overwhitens, deteriotates internal)
92
what is an example of therapeutic alteration?
skull trephination (trepanation)
93
what are interproximal grooves caused by
caries (cavities)
alveolar abscesses
pain relief efforts
94
all living humans belong to a single genus and species. What are the species
homo sapien
95
what are the four types of human variation
1. ) ontogeny (growth of an individual)
2. ) sexual dimorphism
3. ) geographic or population variation ( ancestory, race, biological affinity, clinal variation, race )
4. ) individual or indiosyncratic
(understanding variation is critical to understanding the past)
96
what is ontogeny (growth of an individual useful in estimating)
ontogeny is useful in estimating age at death
97
how is ontogenic variation assessed?
comparing individuals dying at different growth stages
98
how is sex, geographic (clinal), and individual variation assessed?
assessed by studying large samples of male and female remains
99
classification of bones
1. ) type of development
2. ) region of skeleton
3. ) shape of bones
4. ) macroscopic pattern
5. ) matrix pattern
6. ) maturity
100
endochondral (intracartilaginous) development
bone develops from preexisting cartilage model
101
dermal (intramembranous) development
bone arises directly from membrane, with no preexisting model
102
what could cause a smaller variation in bone count antemortem?
1. ) fusion of bone (growth plate closure); disease related fusion
2. ) congenital absence of bones, traumatic or surgical absence
103
true or false: radially symmetric animals are more active than bilaterally symmetric animals
false
104
define cephalization
tendency toward concentration of sensory structures and function at "at head end" of body
105
what is the most distinctive feature of vertebrates?
pharyngeal gill slits (p 238) it is present in the embryo, if not the adult (eventually develops into the jaw and inner ear bones)
106
Remains of notochord in humans are found where?
nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
107
define coelom
body cavities, filled with watery fluid, and is where most major organs are found, eg (digestive system in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity, lungs in the pleural cavity, heart in pericardial cavity)
108
hand of a human, wings of a bat, flipper of whale, all have the same basic structure. This is an example of ____
homology
109
define homology
idea that specific organs of living members of an animal group has descended (with modification) from basically identical organs from their common ancestors
110
what is anthropology?
study of human diversity over time and space
111
what are the 4 fields of anthropology ?
1. ) biological (what this is)
2. ) archaeological
3. ) linguistics (language; what's the component of language)
4. ) cultural
112
Why do we study bones and teeth?
is subject to history of genetics and environment
| - both survive environmental extremes post-mortem
113
define palaeontology
study of ancient populations
114
define forensic osteology
fornesic means you study remains of humans after murder or study death (often used in medical sciences). Use remain of bones to find out what injuries they got
115
True or false: bone is a connective tissue
true; slide 48
116
true or false: cartilage is a connective tissue
true
117
what kind of study of anatomy would be used to study evolution of animals?
comparative anatomy ; as it uses non human animals to compare it to animals -> this can be used to help advance technology such as robots (studying flamingo)
118
a cat is used instead of a baby to study the nervous system of baby until adulthood. What kind of anatomy is being used here?
developmental anatomy
119
what phase do major organs start to develop ?
embryologic phase
120
What are the 3 V's in osteology?
1. ) variation
2. ) visual
3. ) vocabulary
121
define strata
soil layers
| statigraphy can also determine an object's provenance by describing the soil layer in which it was found
122
What techniques can be used to differentiated human skeletal remains from animal skeletal remains?
1. ) macroscopic
2. ) microscopic / histology
3. ) DNA (if not degraded)
123
what are the primary questions for identifying fragmented bones?
1. ) is it human bone or non human
2. ) bone morphologic characteristic (primary technique)
3. ) microscopy (bone histology)
4. ) DNA (if not degraded)
124
what are secondary questions when identifying bone?
1. ) age, ancestry, biological profile (sex, ancestry, age, stature)
2. ) pathology, including trauma antemortem
3. ) biomechanics
4. ) phylogenetics
5. ) taphonomy
6. ) identity (if they were preserved very well, you might be able to identify who they were in that lifetime)
125
what are primary questions for identifying whole bones?
1. ) is it a bone?
2. ) is it a human bone?
3. ) postcranial or cranial?
4. ) which bone is it?
5. ) is it juvenile bone or adult bone?
126
true or false: the combination of pressure and moisture can cause erosion on bones
true
127
what is an example of pressure effect?
coffin wear
128
what will overbleaching do to bones?
1. ) surface bone deterioration
2. ) internal deterioration
3. ) over whiten bone
129
how do female bones differ from male bones?
more gracile, typically smaller
130
which is older, paleontological or archeological?
paleontological (100,000years - 1 000 000years)
| archaeological (100 years - 1000years)
