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ANTH 352 > Vertebrae part 1 > Flashcards

Vertebrae part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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2
Q

in the embryo of every vertebrae, there is a ______

A

notochord

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3
Q

homo sapiens are from the phylum _____

A

chordata

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4
Q

remains of notochord are found in the _____

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

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5
Q

what was the early vertebrae like?

A

a chain of endochondral (cartilage replacement) bones is formed around notochord to give it stiffness

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6
Q

the ____ of the vertebrae act as levers for muscles and tendons

A

spinous and transverse processes

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7
Q

true or false: the notochord has been functionally replaced

A

true

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8
Q

vertebral column = ____ = ______= ______

A

spine = spinal column = backbone

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9
Q

vertebrae provides ____ and _______

A

support and protection

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10
Q

vertebral column is subdivided into ___ regions where vertebrae share similar morphologic characteristics

A

5

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11
Q

there is a total of 33 vertebrae - what are they?

A

Total of 33 vertebrae in human: 7 cervical (C), 12 thoracic (T), 5 lumbar (L), 5 sacral (S), 4 coccygeal (Co)

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12
Q

how many sacrals and coccyx are there?

A

5 sacra (S) and 4 coccygeal

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13
Q

what is the presacral vertebrae?

A

Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

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14
Q

true or false: the presacral vertebrae are immobile

A

false; they are mobile

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15
Q

Sacral and coccygeal vertebrae usually fuse (no intervertebral movement) in adults to form ______ bones

A

composite

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16
Q

there is often variance in the number of vertebrae . Which subdivision would experience the most variation?

A

Most common variation is extra thoracic or lumbar vertebra with compensatory shift

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17
Q

true or false: Pattern of 7 cervicalvertebrae is relatively constant–in almost all vertebrate species

A

true

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18
Q

can you determine the exact number of vertebrae in an archaeological find?

A

no, unless the whole spinal column is present

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19
Q

what are the 4 general parts to each vertebrae?

A

1) body
2) vertebral arch
3) spinous and transverse process
4) articular process

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20
Q

the ____ of the vertebrae is the weight bearing part

A

body

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21
Q

the superior and inferior epiphyses are ____ shaped

A

ring shaped or annular shaped ; useful in determining human from non human

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22
Q

Large _______ are found particularly on posterior and lateral aspects of vertebral body

A

vascular foraminae

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23
Q

where are vascular foraminae found?

A

posterior and lateral aspects of vertebral body

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24
Q

Superior articular facets are oriented _________

A

posterolaterally

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25
Q

Spinous process arises where right and left laminae fuse at _________, and projects posteriorly in sagittal plane

A

dorsal synchondrosis

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26
Q

______arises where laminae fuse at dorsal synchondrosis

A

Spinous process

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27
Q

Spinous processes increase in size ________

A

supero-inferiorly (craniocaudally)

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28
Q

tends to have a more triangular foramen similar to the adjacent cervical vertebrae

A

thoracic vertebrae

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29
Q

Cervical spines of C2-C6 are ____

A

bifid

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30
Q

true or false: C7 has more prominent tubercle than T1

A

false; C7 ends in a prominent tubercle (not as prominent as T1)

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31
Q

transverse process projects _____

A

laterally

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32
Q

articular column projects _____

A

vertically in parasagittal plane

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33
Q

articular column is in ____ plane

A

parasagittal

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34
Q

what is the articular column comprised of?

A

inferior and superior articular processes(zygapophyses)

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35
Q

inferior and superior articular facet take part in ____ joint

A

plane or gliding (arthrodial) types of synovial joints

36
Q

The superior articular processes arise more from the ______, and the inferior articular processes more from the _____

A

pedicles; laminae

37
Q

when superior articular facet of one vertebrae articulates to inferior articular facet of another joint, it is called _____

A

facet joint or an apophyseal joint or a zygapophyseal joint

38
Q

All superior articular processes (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) face posteriorly. What is the function of this?

A

prevents forward displacement

39
Q

which direction does the superior articular processes face?

A

posteriorly

40
Q

orientation determines

A

direction of movement

41
Q

function of articular processes

A

(1) control and (2) limit intervertebral movements and (3) determine direction of movements

42
Q

what part of the vertebrae is primarily weight bearing

A

superior and inferior body surface (except C1, C2, and L5)

43
Q

which direction does the cervical superior facet face?

A

superior facets face obliquely upward and backward

44
Q

thoracic articular process allow for

A

rotation ; they are set vertically on an arc of a circle

45
Q

lumbar articular process allow for

A

side bending ; inferior processes of L1 face laterally and those of L5 forward

46
Q

what are arresting grooves caused by

A

results from impingement by edge of inferior articular process of vertebra next above during hyperextension

47
Q

what can be found on the superior surface of a lamina?

A

arresting groove

48
Q

true or false: Articular processes do not primarily transmit weight(except C1, C2, L5)

A

true

49
Q

articular process functions

A
  • Articular processes do not primarily transmit weight(except C1, C2, L5)
  • Control and limit potentially unrestricted movement of vertebral bodies
  • Determine direction of movements between adjacent vertebrae
  • Provide support for posterior aspect of spinal column
50
Q

consecutive vertebral foraminae forms the

A

vertebral canal

51
Q

in the vertebral canal, there is a

A

spinal cord

52
Q

where does the solid spinal cord end?

A

T12 - L2

53
Q

Inferior to L2, spinal cord is replaced by a group of nerves known collectively as the ______–the “horse’s tail”

A

cauda equina

54
Q

inferior vertebral notch and superior vertebral notch forms

A

intervertebral foramina

55
Q

what passes through the intervertebral foramen?

A

spinal nerves

56
Q

true or false ; Vertebral bodies account for roughly ¾ of total length of sacral portion of vertebral column in life

A

false; PRESACRAL

57
Q

which discs are the thickest?

A

cervical and lumbar discs ; these are most mobile

58
Q

the annulus fibrosus is made up of _____

A

multiple concentric fibrocartilaginous lamellae or laminae (layers)

59
Q

A fibrous capsule surrounds and contains each intervertebral disc and connects adjacent vertebral bodies –joint so formed is a

A

symphysis

60
Q

IV discs functions (4 points)

A
  1. Allows some movement
  2. Supportsloads when bending (flexion, extension), distributes loads
  3. Absorbscompression forces
  4. Resiststension, shear, rotation forces
61
Q

disc effectiveness is related to _______

A

overall physicochemical condition

62
Q

outer regions of IV disc attach to

A

ring shaped epiphyses

63
Q

prenatal life vertebrae curvature

A

uniformly curved ; primary curvature

64
Q

cervical and lumbar regions are ____ curvature

A

secondary or compensatory

65
Q

thoracic and sacral regions are ____ curvature

A

primary

66
Q

discs are ___ shaped

A

wedged

67
Q

true or false: movement is the least when discs are thickest

A

false; movement is the least when discs are thinnest

68
Q

which part of the vertebrae is there the least movement?

A

the regions of the thoracic and pelvic cavities, where the column is concave anteriorly –primary curvatures

69
Q

which part of the vertebrae is there the thickest nucleus pulposus and IV discs the thickest?

A

cervical and lumbar areas; the most mobile regions ; the secondary curvatures

70
Q

in the cervical and lumbar regions, each disc is thicker ____ than _____

A

anteriorly; posteriorly

71
Q

true or false: disc affect spinal curvature

A

true

72
Q

thoracic discs anteriorly and posteriorly

A

the same thickness anteriorly and posteriorly

73
Q

trabecular structure in vertebral body allows for _____

A

mechanical loading

vertebral body behaves like a hydraulic structure

74
Q

trabecular bone filled with bone marrow and blood, allow vertebral body to behave like a _____

A

hydraulic structure

75
Q

prior to fusion, each vertebrae consists of 3 parts. What are they?

A
  1. ) centrum
  2. ) 2 neural arches
  3. ) synchondrosis
76
Q

what do neural synchondroses allow for?

A

allows vertebral arches to grow as spinal cord diameter enlarges

77
Q

which segments in the vertebral column is weight bearing? Which are not weight bearing?

A

weight bearing: C3 - S1

not weight bearing: S2 - Co4

78
Q

combined auricular surface of S1-S3 transfers the weight to which joint?

A

transfers weight to the ilia at the sacroiliac joints

79
Q

body of vertebrae has trabecular structure. What does this mimic?

A

hydraulic structure whereby the fluids are incompressible

80
Q

prior to fusion, each vertebra consists of 3 parts:

A

1) a centrum
2) 2 neural arches
3) synchondroses

81
Q

which fuses first: the dorsal synchondroses or the neural synchondroses?

A

dorsal synchondroses

82
Q

central nervous system consists of ____

A

brain and spinal cord

83
Q

right and left laminae fusing makes the ______

A

spinous process

84
Q

the articular column is in the _____ plane

A

parasagittal

85
Q

orientation of articular process determines ________

A

direction of movement

ANTH 352 (26 decks)

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