Week 2 - Anatomical Orientation, Planes, Direction

Question 1

What are the reference positions?

Answer 1

Standard Anatomical Position (SAP) of skeleton - for skeleton as a whole

Frankfort Horizontal (FH) - for skulls

Question 2

cranial skeleton

Answer 2

skull (cranium + mandible)

Question 3

post-cranial skeleton

Answer 3

skeleton without skull (remainder of skeleton)

Question 4

axial skeleton

Answer 4

skeleton of the trunk around organs - for protection

acts as casing

Question 5

appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

skeleton of the limbs - for support

acts as core

Question 6

what bones does the axial skeleton comprise of?

Answer 6

skull, hyoid, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

Question 7

define superior - inferior

Answer 7

up and down in AXIAL skeleton

Question 8

define proximal - distal

Answer 8

near - far in APPENDICULAR skeleton

Question 9

define anterior - posterior

Answer 9

front - back

Question 10

define medial - lateral

Answer 10

toward and away from sagittal plane

Question 11

True or False: The Frankfort Horizontal reference position is for the skeleton

Answer 11

false; it is for skulls

Question 12

True or False: you look at a bone (no matter which position it is found in) as though it were in its anatomical position

Answer 12

true

Question 13

True or False: The Frankfort Horizontal reference is define by 4 osteometric points

Answer 13

false; the FH reference is defined by 3 osteometric points

Question 14

where is the porion located?

Answer 14

superior margin of external auditory meatus

Question 15

where is the orbitale located?

Answer 15

most inferior point of orbit

Question 16

What is the Frankfort Horizontal?

Answer 16

An imaginary plane defined by left and right porion and left orbitale

Question 17

true or false: The FH is an imaginary plane defined by left and right porion and right orbitale

Answer 17

false; it is left orbitale

Question 18

define superior

Answer 18

towards the head end

Question 19

define inferior

Answer 19

away from the head end

Question 20

true or false: cephalic and cranial are synonymous for bipeds and quadrupeds

Answer 20

true

Question 21

anterior flexion of hand is called what _____

Answer 21

palmar or volar flexion

Question 22

posterior flexion of hand is called what _____

Answer 22

dorsal flexion

Question 23

define ulnar

Answer 23

near the little finger (digit 5); used for forearm, hand, corresponds to medial

Question 24

define radial

Answer 24

near the thumb (digit 1); used for forearm, hand, corresponds to lateral

Question 25

define tibial

Answer 25

near the tibial (shin side), used for lower leg, foot, corresponds to medial

Question 26

define fibular

Answer 26

near the fibular side, used for lower leg, foot, corresponds to lateral

Question 27

true or false: fibula is on lateral side of lower leg

Answer 27

true

Question 28

internal is to ____ as external is to ______

Answer 28

inner; outer

Question 29

define endocranial

Answer 29

inner surface of cranial vault

Question 30

define ectocranial

Answer 30

outer surface of cranial vault

Question 31

define superficial

Answer 31

close to surface

Question 32

define deep

Answer 32

opposite of superficial, far from surface

Question 33

define subcutaneous

Answer 33

just below or underneath skin

Question 34

define ipsilateral

Answer 34

features on the same side of the body

Question 35

define contralateral

Answer 35

features on the opposite side of the body

Question 36

define unilateral

Answer 36

a feature found on one side of the body

Question 37

define bilateral

Answer 37

a feature found on both sides of the body

Question 38

Proximal end

Answer 38

origin

Question 39

distal end

Answer 39

insertion

Question 40

explain the Standard Anatomical Position

Answer 40

standing, feet together, looking forward, palms forward (no forearm bones crossed), arms at sides