Week 3 - Perfusion Ppt Flashcards
what are possible heart problems
- cardiomyopathy
- strength of contraction
- HF
- conduction issues
- HTN
- MI
what is cardiomyopathy
- group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardium
- deals w fibres, walls, valves of heart
what do conduction issues cause
- abnormal HR = not perfusing to body well
what can impact strength of contraction of the heart
- weak heart muscle
what are some signs that a pt’s cardiac condition is worsening, indicates perfusion problem or that the heart is not working efficiently (12)
- fatigue
- dyspnea
- peripheral edema
- BP changes
- HR changes
- abnormal rhythm
- chest pain
- wet cough
- neuro changes (d/t decreased perfusion to brain)
- poor urinary output (d/t decreased perfusion to kidneys)
- PE
- cardiogenic shock
what neuro changes could indicate that a pt’s cardiac condition is worsening (6)
- fatigue
- faint
- weak
- light headed
- confused
- decreased LOC
what is cardiogenic shock
- extremely low perfusion
= emergency
what are signs of cardiogenic shock (5)
- cool
- clammy
- decreased LOC
- poor color (cyanosis)
- low BP
what are various diagnostic tests for cardiac disorders (7)
- chest xray
- 12 lead ECG (electrocardiography)
- cardiac monitoring –> 3 leads
- blood work
- echo
- angiogram/angiography
- exercise/stress test
what blood work can be done as a diagnostic test for cardiac disorders (4)
- lipid profile
- CK-MB
- BNP
- cardiac markers
how is a chest xray useful for diagnostics of cardiac disorders
- see shape, size of heart
- see position of heart in chest
what is an echocardiogram
- noninvasive diagnostic that shows graphic outline of the heart’s movement
- uses a nultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) from a hand-held wand placed on your chest
what does an echo show you (6)
- heart structure (walls, chambers, valves)
- heart functioning
- ejection fraction
- beating of heart
- flow of blood
- evaluates pumping action of heart
what is ejection fraction
- measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction.
what is an angiogram/angiography
- invasive cardiac catheterization thru the femoral
- procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see your heart’s blood vessels
- a type of dye that’s visible by an X-ray machine is injected into the blood vessels of your heart
why is an angiography done
- The test is generally done to see if there’s a restriction in blood flow going to the heart
- see if any blockages
what does an exercise / stress test do
- activity = increased demands on coronary arteries to provide more O2
- sees how heart responds to increased O2 demands
what is the difference between a 12-lead ECG and cardiac monitoring
- 12 lead = see full view of heart’s electrical system
- cardiac monitoring uses 3 leads to show the rhythm
what do meds for various cardiac disorders aim to do
- lower BP
- lower HR
- normalize heart rhythm (so heart contracts more efficiently)
- decrease preload
- dilate coronary arteries
- meds for post MI to prevent another one
- meds that effect blood clotting
what meds are used to decrease preload (3)
- diuretics
- nitrates
- morphine
what meds are used to dilate coronary arteries
- nitrates
what are post MI cardiac meds (3)
- ASA
- lipid lowering (statins)
- meds to maintain good Bp and HR
what meds can be used to prevent blood clotting
- ASA
- heparin
- warfarin
- tPA
- alteplase
what is the main teaching for a pt with cardiac disorders (9)
- engage in health promoting behaviors
- stop smoking
- stress management
- manage BP
- manage serum lipids
- nutritious diet
- regular physical activity
- maintain desirable weight
- manage DM
what is defibrillation
- asynchronous delivery of energy, such as the shock is delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle
- often used for pts without a pulse
what is synchronized cardioversion
- where a synchronized circuit in the defibrillator is used to deliver a countershcok that is programmed to occur on the R wave of the QRS complex
- procedure with the aim of converting an arrhythmia back to sinus rhythm
what is an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- small battery-powered device placed in your chest to detect and stop abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias)
- continuously monitors your heartbeat and delivers electric shocks, when needed, to restore a normal heart rhythm
an ICD is important for pts who (4)
- have survived SCD
- have spontaneous, sustained vtach
- demonstrate syncope with vtach or vfib
- at high risk of future life-threatening dysarhythmias
what is a pacemaker
- an electronic device used to pace the heart when the normal conduction pathway is damaged or disease
- placed (implanted) in your chest to help control your heartbeat
- requires a surgical procedure
what does a pacemaker do
prevent your heart from beating too slowly.
what is a temporary pacemajer
- one whose power source is outside the body
