Week 3 Flashcards
The high risk paradigm part of prediction
Study people at risk of a disorder, part of PREDICTIONS.
What is prediction? In relation to mental illness
In psychology: probability statements
Before they develop the disorder as to find trigger
Many consequences to a disorder
The schizophrenic’s walk ex. Rigid shuffle consequence of drugs. S
Note goals of science are hierarchical.
Hence define, measure prediction, control.
Advantages of high risk ppl research on them for mental illness.
- Contemporaneous recording of events, dogs aside
- Allows study of “escape” from risk process
- Allows the study of the heterogeneity of abnormal outcomes, not all who are ar risk, get the problem. Ex. Twin studies. Also contemporaneous.
- Allows for subdivision in terms of age of onset
- Allows for assessment of changes over time within individuals
- Can sometimes elucidate feedback mechanisms, circular processes and chain of events typically important in causation
Family pedigree
Highly at risk, based on family tree
Control or in other wards
Produce and eliminate
Assumptions made in trying to control something
–Determinism •Everything has a reason for occurring, twins, cultur etc dynamic process. • Necessary conditions –Physicalism: position follow show it is PUBLIC •All exists in time and space –Operationalism •Denotative definitions, methodolgy –Empiricism: experimentation, observable repeatable DependNt and ind. variable.
Not deductive reasoning, right wrong reasons, wrong for right reasons. Heart emotion vs brain god.
Empiricism at work, issues, epidemiologist concerns.
Knee surgery arthroscopic No difference after two years in pain. Between any group who got placebo or surgery. Back surgery ex. Wisdom teeth extraction? Same idea
Point is, two procedure that demonstrate they do not work. True for many things we do. Lunacy, most don’t find anything.
Type 1 error, false positive. Say true but is not.
Facilitative communication, not child but facilitator communicating: beware of great need)
“High on sugar”
Often common beliefs are just beliefs,
Final ex. Ssri suicide in children and adolescents
Put warning, pill did increased suixide idea.tion increase, but not followed through. Did not pay enough attention to data. So sad.
Overall: Never trust single experiment.
Look at repeat ability of results!
THEORIES, Goal and tool function, synthesize and do more experiments.
Tmi 3000 books published a day.
Outline for evaluation of theories
•Structure of Theory
–Is the data language explicit & theoretically neutral (not circular thoughts)
–What influence does the choice of dependent & independent variables exert upon the form of the theory
–Are the terms reducible to physical language
–How are the theoretical constructs interrelated
Methodology too, generality, predict, testable, quantifiable
Modals of abnormality (5)
Possession hole skull, demons model (gamma knife warning) Malleus malmeficarum book, dsm for devil possession) Animal model Simple illness disease model •Complex Medical Model • Labeling Model
Why possession model existed
Witches ok
1 was a period of flux. Social disruption, increases mental illness
2. Black Plague was going on, normality = possessed by demons
3. Celibate clergy, religion. Homosexuality. Editorial. Wow nonsense.
Tying to make sense of the unexplainable
Not completely historical. Some places still do it today.
Belief in demons, connection mentally I’ll 1793 —-> beast model
Animal model
Ppl treated like animals. View patients like museum, grates for dirt.
Zoo metaphor
Pineal stopped it! Credited.
—–> remove chains! humane
Pineal
Psychiatrist
Textbook
Schiz, dementia pre idea classified
Scottish farmer
Simple illness disease model
Major feature
Illness like any other illness, simplistic idea. Pathogen caused, remove pathogen is solution.
Two rights and two obligations
Meet Needs, exempted from socail roles
Seek help, get well
Category error: mind does not exist, because not physical. Hehe
Szasz
Simple Illness (Disease) Model
Mental Illness is an Illness like any other illness.
Mental illness is discontinuous with normal behavior
There are a number of mental illnesses
Guides who treats illness
Treatment is the function of the physician
Or the state (Soviet Union, China )
Advantages
Promotes research
Illness Model - Negative Factors
Forced to look within the individual
The asthma study: parent pathogen, vs Denver air. Study. Half kids did better. Circumstances outside individual can cause illness.
Implies a need for physical intervention
The danger of preconceptions the Zeitgeist
Prefrontal lobotomies, 200000 done in us, done by Friedman
Then drugs 1955, gave up on them, only dealt with highly violent and difficult to handle. Arcane procedure.
Bandwagons: idea that becomes a fad, adopted, another fad replaces it. Just like clothing styles. Untested unspoken, exist because of testimonials.
ADHD, 10% all boys, but remember birthday issue.
More negative aspects
- Determines nature of institutions
Nature of the model and nature of the institutions
Foucault institutions Madness & Civilization
warehouses
Waxler institutions culture & mental illness
Canada vs Africa, the problems of labeling - Research is limited in scope.
5.Obviates individual responsibility ( Tarantism)
Tarantella, belief bitten by spider, cause behaviour.
5 yr follow up of schiz’s shows?
Western ultures only 12% symptomatic.
India, 69%!
But our fixed viewpoint des this.
It is really how you conceptualizer it! Definition
Complex medical model
Where medicine is today. Psychiatry has gotten there yet. Very different from sim.
Same symptoms can have differe etiologies
Also need to diagnose WHY
Disease can vary in degree
An interaction
Using symptoms as a diagnosis.
Missing the why
Cause is interactive.
Predisposition +- stress problems —> living with the disorder.
All carry pathogen, turn stress on off. Mono
Alcohol disease model
One drink, one drunk
Negative evidence,
Irregular alcoholics. Only .5 develop tolerance.
Alcoholics balanced placebo study
Told vodka, drank more. What was told matted red. Even if given tonic.
Therapies are maintained by those who do them
Alcohol disease model. Many alcohol isms, Industry prefers the view. Varying outcomes. Different interactive causes.
Want quick answers.
50% sex! Rappe etc! alcohol cause
Labeling model
Where you do it matters, not what you do.
Cultural differences. China more female suicides.
We see normal other abnormal or vice versa
Trans state,
Socail labeling,
Differences in criticizing religion.
Medical diagnosis and practise
France Germany, Grimm more diagnosis heart disease.
More heart stimulants and more abnormal ekg’s
France 2 time more antibiotics
It’s the terrain,
Context is strongest where
Ambiguity exists
Therfore context defines you.
