Ab Week 6 Section Two Flashcards
The ethics and abnormal behaviour
Related to everything, general heritability, relatively high
But not Dom or recessive so chance?
Heritability of divorce 80%
Twin studies,
Parental warmth .71,
Knock out mice fosb gene, they would die.
Observed they weren’t cared for by mom. Ignore situation,
Preoptic area of hypothalamus shown to be the issue. Rich area in gender differences in humans,
Dolly sheep genetics
Cloned from cell of mammary gland.
Dolly patten reference.
Half lifespan of sheep.
Nature nurture, distinction
Stupid.
NTure. Argues, vacuum, enviro argues exist without a body,
Have ideas, attitudes philosophies, not take into acount rela.
Thinks aren’t fixed.
Genes affect change of biochemical actions. .
One can intervene though. Cancer researche ex.
Epi genetics
Behaviours affect genes, development, expression and structure,
Trans generational epi mutations
Pollutants 4-5 unless interventions.
Methyl donor taken away, kinky tail, added back, GOES AWAY
Constantly bullied mice. 309 genes, increased expression.
Aversion social contact. Can be reversed.
Female rats, lick pups, change stress response, increase viability, affecting particular genes. Shows nature nurture combo.
Nutrition lifestyle intervention. Change artery size. Ornis her al,
Significant change in bio process, with change in diet, reduce stress, mild exercise!
Genes which otherwise activated lead to tumors.
Genetics becomes something readily manipulate, changeable. That’s what epi genetics is all about
Genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders the emerging picture.
Meta analysis, mega analysis.
Autism, and scz, highest heritability, mdd lowest.
Alzheimer’s, 3 things, scz, no sig,
BIP , negl, calium,
Asd, co morbid, de novo, first time something happens in the family.
Alx, nix, all depends on enviro.
Limitations,
Interpersonal stress, stp, mdd major environment factor
Gxe stp+MAJOR stress LIFE EVENT onset factors. Interaction CONFIRMED
Interpersonal stress, CONFIRMED with s carriers, esp. L individuals
Chronic family stress.
Conclude
Genes may predispose to reaction to stress.
Methods
Psychological
Life stress Lsi
BzCkground
Meta anal, genes, amygdaloid, variations caused by stp, chronic family stress.
Few episodes mdd noted even with major life events.
Adolescence, subgroups. Limitation to generalize.
Mind the gap article. Q
G by e,
History, methods +-
Suggestions.
Candidate gene studies,
Use known biased.
Gwas, strict standards, looking outside of genies. Underpowered,
Replication studies, empirical data needed.
Made to appear more credible than they are. False positivel
Adverse life effects.
Race ethnicity issues.
Much info due to other things than protein gene.
Moab has potential
But other ones did not, for like depression and seratonin.
Dopamine, alcohol one ok too. Maybe.
Gwis new ideal, pleitology, phantom genetics, epi genetics, missing parts. All need consideration.
Genes patterns, psychiatric disorders.
Prenatal over expression of genes lead to onset of psychiatric disorders.
Association up regulation of some genes, that are considered to be developmental in etiology.
Hurt zygote , teratogens, –> scz! Staged, critical stages for exposure to result in issue.
Asd, scz, bio, amongst others.
For neuro, Intel ads, significantly higher gene expression. Over expressed genes.
Significant under expression for neuro degenerative disorders.
Up regulation for others,
Close to sig. For scz.
Functional effects, genes for neuro generation,
Intellectual disability,
Co expression, gene interaction, nfkb.
Secondary analysis, non sig, scz maybe. Gene set no show, individual do show.
Mdd, asd intel, prenTal over expression.
Scz, specific do. Genes
Postmortem subjects, limited brain region. Alternative gene expressions naturally happen limitation
Common view en iron mental cues turn on genes no l
Light switch view, not quite,
Intensity and frequency are determined.
Kids different ses levels, study. No difference between groups,
Look at age 2, gigantic genetic effect for high ses, enviro has greater effect on genes having effect on cog dev.
Two dif capabilities in populations.
1% absorbed gains of 95% of last recession?
Study kids low high ses reading ability
Kids equal in reDing ability in June,
High ses did better, after some, low deteriorate.
Power enviro interactive effect of enviro of puttitivity genes!
Study methods genes, family pedigree
Family studies
Pedigree no gold standard, similar for too many families.
Only case for gold standard.
Huntington disease.
Huntington disease pedigree
Only disorder follow 50% heritability. Very high, gold standard.
Huntington disease
Rapid brain deterioration in end of life. Large ventricles.
Many symptoms,
Ex. Carol car, two sons, killed with gun.
Guilty of assisted suicide,
Family studies, Huntington disease study methods
Want to know side 50% fall on. Scz women, arts student
All cases traced to men came from England 1630. Large number families Venezuela 100 ppl 2000 kis at risk.
Linkage analysis, chromosome 4
Autosomal dominant,
Gene cloned
Proteins involved on gene,
Repeated copies of glutamine, over expression gene, almost twice as much.
Decreased brain neurotrophic factor, too many copies of these genes. Oxidative stress, neurotoxic.
50% heritability
Genetic testing,
Ethics, kill them selfs slightest of symptoms, risk do not get tested.
Suicide 25%
Many do not get tested.
Test animal model sheep, hunting tons to test
Various chemicals carried on virus inject, see start manipulate gene.
Trials, near future it will happen. Genes have been altered using virus in other ways. New Zealand
National human genome research institute
Diabetes, chd, lung cancer melanoma, colorectal cancer osteoporosis,
Mastectomy prevent breat cancer.
Data weak for most of these disorders.
Ex. Diabetes, only found 18 out of 2.2 million show disease, only explain 6% of diseSe.
Although are genes involved in schiz, q
Specific to certain families,
Common disorder questioned, really rare variants.
Most disease are heterogenous
Each family is unhealthy in its own way.
Look relatives without disorder. Show genetically less good at
Foamy pathology increase over life.
standard tests.
Diseases are heterogeneous
Twin methods
Difference di = e h
Mz h
Difference, leaves h
Homogeneous enviro, iq sim. , emergents is.
Do find difference between a though, but small.
Emergenesis
Identical twins tend to have same gens and enviro and traits similar and sometimes really weird,
Raised togethor vs apart.
Jim twins,
Highly correlated. Mz not much dif. Raised p et or togethor.
Remarkable stability.
Repeat ability of results.
Twin alcoholdim, .56 r
There are differential effects though.
Ex. Disinhibition, religous upbringing,
Elisions training leads to more self control less disinhibition,
Married alcoholdim less so. Loneliness.
Genetic expression
Ogod
One gene one disease. Other than hunting tons, none fit that notion.
Consequently look at qtl’s
Quantitative loci. Diagram of interactions, model of interaction leading to effect.
Genes interact loci, cognitive ability ex.
Scz glial cell, sensory motor, eye movements, working memory.
Adoption studies
Involve cross fostering.
Parents with disorder, kid adopted, without alc or with
Parents raised wo dis, raised with or without.
Cason male alcoholic, 49x increased risk.
Without dis, 4-0increased risk, not a q about enviro. Opposite effect for women,
Pwd pwd, have it in both cases.
Pwod, pwd, ok,
Adopted individuals more at risk of mental disorders,
Also true for criminality,
So alcoholism, linked to males, not females.
Romania ex.
Had lots of prob, due to early enviro
Human psychogenetics method
Carrier type, chromosome map.
Chromosome 21, Down syndrome, (Mongolian idiocy 1866)
Trisomy 21, 90% show it
Cells don’t devide,
1 in 1000
Abnormal EEG, poor muscle tone, many symptoms, iq higher first five years in life. Respond rhythm writing simple demands.
Mother’s age, where if age x=28 but if 35 1 in 350, 40 1=100
40% of kids with Down syndrome, not babies,
There are in uterine diaGnostic tests, many abortiion, more in euro than us 92 62
Melissa, in university, productive useful tutor Down syndrome.
, normal curve for severity. So what you do conscience decides.
Trisomy 21 rela to alz
Live 2/3 lifespan, ht defects,
Many become demented, likely to show play and tangles, diagnosis all, even at 50. TrNslocTion on chromosome 21, also find material that makes play, same genes there also related to early onset alz.
Down vs control study, range in response, build up of amyloid, brain abnormalities, fall above norm.
Down syndrome viewed as non heritable die to view from
Old eggs, passed on from grandmother, does not make it genetic.
Same thing in faThers
Scz, ads, bio, all related to fathers
All related to gamete production.
Old eggs and sperm not good, to many train locations possible
