Week 14

Question 0

Symptoms of depressions

Answer 0

Beck depression inventory
Physical factor: appetitive, sleeping sex drive correlate only about .23-.25. No directionality.

Affective,
Central to depression, hopeless blue sad guilty

Cognitive
Can’t concentrate, loss self esteem.

Motivational
Suicide is the extreme, engaging in activity is gonna change nothing.no sense of control..

Question 1

Historical view of mood disorders.

Answer 1

Ancient times,
Hellenic age, black bile physical disorder.
Medieval
Thermionic possession, blood letting. Talking too!

Renaissance
Science

19th 20th century.

Question 2

Prevalence, of depression is high. Large problem.

Answer 2

A quarter of ladies likely to be depressed at some point in life. 
For men it is half that for women, 
5-9 w 2-3 m any given time. 
80% untreated. 
Usually onset in late teens. 

Problem, unrecognized.
Chronic, episodic disorder!

Question 3

Average duration of depression

Answer 3

6-9m, if untreated.

People get better if left alone, huge range though.

Length 2 weeks to several years.

If you have one, you have a 60% cahnce of having another.
And for each additional, episode ha ne increases for another by 10 %

Question 4

Depression is. Heterogeneous disorder.

Answer 4

Several types.
Endogenous, exogenous.
Bipolar,
Manic like, hypo manic.

Know the diagram.

No directionality in physical symptoms.

Question 5

Correlation depression and guilt

Answer 5

Mediocre to weak at .23
No way critical to cureent definition to deeps ion,
Critical to psychoanalytic theories.

Question 6

Manic depressed more likely to

Answer 6

Commit suicide.
Also harder to treat because they like the condition.
Brought to u when they cause trouble.

Arts society, so productive during manic phase, kill themself during depressive phase. Esp. For arts ppl in Britain.

Question 7

Seasonal pattern disorders depression

Answer 7

Une light therapy. 2500 lux

Question 8

Gender differences dep.

Answer 8

1. No dif. 
Prevail ece is an artifact
Argue MASKED DEPRESSIon
 Antisocial behaviour. In men, women display depression differently. 
May be true, 

2. Cultural
   Sexual abuse, pressure on women, job family kids. Etc.
3. Biological
   Estrogen tranquilizer and testosterone stimulates, but it is more than that.

Question 9

Hormones

Answer 9

See slide and note

No diff in pet scans, in happiness or anger,
But women, 8x greater response to sadness.

Question 10

Women saw themselves as more

Answer 10

Stress and irrational than men. Sleep pro lames,

Men use alcoholic anger aggression,
Men risk take.
Women, lose interest,

See dif in behavioural responses.

Reacting stereotypically.

Question 11

Comprison to heart disease in day lost in years and

Answer 11

Cost.

Question 12

Cognitive attributions of stressful life event mens.

Answer 12

Create a huge interaction see diagram,

Question 13

Uow depression evolves.

Runs in families.

Answer 13

Bip highlight heitable.

Severe vs mild quite different.

Question 14

Biochemically.

Answer 14

Cra bologna
Dopamine, norepinephrine, stimulate, initiate behaviour.
Serotonin,

Trytophan metabolism in major depression,

5-ht effects physical aspects of depression.

Trytophan depletion recreates depression,

Serotonin turnover in brain in depressed is much more rapid.
Actually not just serotonin. Dopamine tt variant with high maternal rejection. Increased likely hood of being depressed.
Also note serotonin and eRly expereince. Ss allele childhood maltreatment.

Anterior I cingulate. Inverse rela. Grey matter. And depressives. .

Question 15

Psychological theories of depression,

Answer 15

Psychoanalytic, learned helpless and

Reinforcers,

Question 16

Imagined loss then guilt felt. But guilt only accounts for 20%

Answer 16

Leads to depression according to psychoanalytic theory,
But
Has a clear relat to dolling love, conditional leading to controlling life unhappy. Hmm.

Question 17

Depressed mom did not condition to mom voice, or depressed person. But could recognize.

Answer 17

Non depressed mom!

Depressed mom conveyed in voice.
Even at 4m

Question 18

Bahvriojal theory,

Answer 18

Learned helplessness ess.
Shuttle box.
Response, protest, despair.

Responding is independant of reinforcement,
Don t even try, think cannot cH gne anything.

Cloud feeling of failure, fixed mindset.

Question 19

Lain sons theory of depression,

Answer 19

Low rate of positive reinforcement.

Self fulfilling prophecy.

But problem with model regarding scz, who do not fit it.

Question 20

Beck!s cognitive triad

Answer 20

Negative view of self, world, and future.

Shadowing task. Depressed individuals, listen seltively to depressed stuff. So appears to be a matter of selective attention rather than distortions of reality!
Ppl distort reality, are normal people. Fatal sit view world sucks.

Depressed see eg active stuff in daily life. Women see it more says pihl.

Question 21

OCD 3 models

Answer 21

Cognitive, behavioural, biological

Know def:
And
Treatment.

Question 22

Definition of OCD

Answer 22

Recent thoughts repetitive, realize they are irrational!
(If not psychotic behaviour. )

Obsessions
Thoughts
Compulsions
Behaviours

Uncertainty remains the “doubting disease”

Ex. Of OCD given. Always checking…

Question 23

Dsm diagnostic criteria. Q

Answer 23

Obsessions compulsion, time consuming and cause distress. Imp. Cuz most of us have obsessions or compulsions.
Intrusive, unwated, causing anxiety and did Distress,

COMPULSIONS
LIKE AVOIDnce response.

Question 24

OCD ex.

Answer 24

``` Harm to others, and checking Contamination and washing and cleaning. 1/3 of OCD clients. Hoarding. 2-6% of pop. Rela. To over purchasing, problem of living space. ``` Sexual/religious obsessions

Question 25

Prevalence, without hoarding.

Answer 25

2-5% lifetime. Occurs late teens, earlier in males, there by 20's Large survey variability. British study ex. 1 month previous. 1.1% Com orbidity. 62% had. Depression and gad, social phobi? 1/4 attempted suicide. Note: intrusions are normal phenomena 85-90% ordinary ppl. In past month. Students 10-25% compulsive behaviour.

Question 26

Oc spectrum D

Answer 26

``` Linked to other disorders. see slide. Emphasizes comobrodity of OCD. Highest with depression., Hard to say causation, common disorder leads to depression, Anx. Also frequent ```

Question 27

Biological model, basis for OCD

Answer 27

Genetic 8x more likely to occur within family. 12% likelihood. Physical disorders, epilepsy, brain trauma, concussion, Often develop OCD. Even strep infections. Hostile neural antibodies near caudate (near ventricle and cc) Get OCD through autoimmune disorder demonstrating multiple pathways to this disorder similar idea for others. Variations 5ht, glutamate, white matter Serotonnin drugs first choice. Circuit issue, area gets smaller, causing circuit blockage. Or surgery. Capsulotomy. Dealing with sever patients.

Question 28

Neurbioological model

Answer 28

Chaste nucleus, Ancient grooming hoarding link. Old brain area. Need to review using mind map. Read directly from slides. Ex. Study reward punishment. Less activity linked to reward, in caudate, lateral frontal, imaging data of mental block. Volumes of grey matter lower tool. Caudate is smaller! Imp. Caudate to orbital frontal deficit. Different OCD, different brain issues shown in slides. , Structural abnormalities and functional abnormalities demonstrate do not do as well as controls.

Question 29

Behavioural model of OCD now?

Answer 29

Like anx and phobias. Ways to control arousal. ArousL emminate lack of control of certain brain structures, generalized to many contexts. 1. Control asproussal through avoidance. Difficult to treat as it prevents new learning. 2. Symbolic undoing. Imp. Experience, guilt, symbolic substitution, undoing act, compulsive act. Macbeth wash hands ex. Some reassurance and relief. From this though. Saw study of copying unethical story preferred cleaning product as a choice from another. 3. Family factors that are gross generalizations Tendency for highly verbal but not communicative, Overly positive evaluation of etiquette. Private: social isolation and withdrawal, cold Emphasis on cleanliness Instrumental (sphincter) morality. 4. Superstitious behaviour. Non consequential to consequential learning. It's intermittant reinforcement. Pigeon example. Wear dirty sock. Get reinforced. Like panic dis. Generalize association once chance association.

Question 30

Symbolic undoing. Imp.

Answer 30

Experience, guilt, symbolic substitution, undoing act, compulsive act. Macbeth wash hands ex Also saw study. reporting dirty deeds, led to volunteer to do social work. Morality and cleanliness. And behaviour.

Question 31

Cognitive model

Answer 31

Sympathetic to behavioural and biological models. Over importance of thought (obsession) need to control thoughts which is excessive, ove arousaed, high intolerance for uncertainty. Perfectionist ic, Responsibility and cannot cope with emotional discomfort. Arousal is that much more problematic.

Question 32

Integrative model of OCD

Answer 32

See slide. Great mind map.

Question 33

Treatmentfor for OCD.

Answer 33

Ssri, but, 40% do not respond. Only works moderately at best. Treatment last resort Capsulotomy. Radiation to uses to lesson brain, decreasing OCD behaviour, only moderately. But were severe to begin with. Exposure response prevention! Like panic disorders. Expose, prevent compulsive response, demonstrate anx. Will reduce. Of course you need to decontexualzie I guess too. 7080% can maintin gains after a year. VRy much improved. Great, use music to relax?

Question 34

New roses for dsm 6

Answer 34

Electile disfunction Pr etraumatic stress disorders, worried about beoming trauma Reverse paranoia, belief you are following somebody, more people are following other in Canada. Dubiophilia Post mature ejaculation Cannot evaluate before other person does. Problem if meet another.

Question 35

Noah

Answer 35

How u see yourself matters most Funny story.