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Pharmacology > Week 2 Drugs Affecting the Immune System > Flashcards

Week 2 Drugs Affecting the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

signs of infection

A

Fever
Lethargy
Slow-wave sleep induction
Classic signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, and pain)

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2
Q

2 types of antimicrobial

A

bacteriocidal

bacteriostatic

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3
Q

Bacteriocidal:

A

Kill the organism. Essential if host lacks immune defense mechanisms

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4
Q

Bacteriostatic:

A

Temporarily stops growth of organism

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5
Q

how to prevent drug resistance

A 
Prevent infection: Immunize 
No catheters
Use specific drugs for known organism
Consult Infectious Disease Experts
Practice Asepsis
Know local information
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6
Q

treatment to prevent an infection before it occurs

A

prophylaxis

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7
Q

what are the adverse effects of almost all antibiotics

A

nausea
vomiting
diarrhea

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8
Q

Aminoglycosides drug group

A

A group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli

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9
Q

adverse effects of Aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

+ NVD

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10
Q

Carbapenems drug class

A

Relatively new class of broad spectrums effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

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11
Q

adverse effects of Carbapenems

A

NVD and C diff

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12
Q

how penicillin can be given

A

IV or PO

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13
Q

adverse effects of Cephalosporins

A

NVD

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14
Q

where does the class of tetracyclines get its name?

A

it is composed of four rings

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15
Q

how do sulfonamides suppress bacterial growth?

A

by inhibiting folic acid

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16
Q

the Fluoroquinolones names in end

A

-floxacin

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17
Q

what antibiotics can pregnant women receive?

A

Keflex, pcn and zpak

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18
Q

patients on isoniazids should avoid which foods?

A

tyramine-rich food

wine, bananas, hamburgers

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19
Q

Adverse effects of Rifampin

A

Hepatitis
Discoloration of body fluids (urine, saliva, sweat and tears)
C diff (report diarrhea

20
Q

2 major groups of antifungal agents

A

Systemic mycotic infections

Superficial mycotic infections

21
Q

which patients are susceptible to fungal infections

A

AIDS patients
immunosupressant patients
transplant patients
old people

22
Q

Amphotericin

A

broad spectrum fungal agents

23
Q

what is Terbinafine used for

A

the treatment of fungal infection of the toenail or fingernail

24
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Use of an antimicrobial to kill or control microbes without destroying host cells

25
Q

The spectrum of activity of an anti-infective indicates …

A

the anti-infective’s effectiveness against different invading organisms

26
Q

what does sensitivity testing show?

A

drugs that are capable of controlling that particular microorganism

27
Q

where are gram-negative bacteria mostly found?

A

are mostly found in the GI and the GU tracts

28
Q

What are Sulfonamides used for?

A

-broad spectrum infections
Used to treat Urinary Tract Infections and
Pneumocystis pneumonia

29
Q

how should you take sulfonamides?

A

Take on empty stomach with full glass of water

Increase fluid intake to at least 2-3 L/day, unless contraindicated by the physical condition of the patient.

30
Q

what are possible concerns with taking sulfonamides?

A
  • Monitor immuno-compromised patients
  • do not go in sun
  • can cause hyperkalemia
  • monitor drug interactions
31
Q

Peak levels

A

need to be drawn when the drug is at its highest concentration – 1hr

32
Q

Trough levels

A

drawn immediately before the next dose and is the lowest concentration

33
Q

why has tetracycline use declined?

A

resistance

34
Q

why are tetracyclines used?

A
  • broad spectrum antibiotics
35
Q

who should tetracyclins not be given to?

A

Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding

Children under the age of 8

36
Q

adverse effects of tetracyclins

A

Skeletal retardation in infants
Tooth discoloration
Blood dyscrasias
suprainfection

37
Q

what is the difference in the generations of Cephalosporins?

A

each group has its own spectrum of activity

38
Q

what are cephalosporins

A

They are a large group of antibiotics, similar to penicillin, that are effective against a wide range of bacteria

39
Q

what type of drug is acyclovir

A

antiviral

40
Q

when may macrolides be used?

A

Used for prophylaxis in dental procedures with valvular heart disease

41
Q

drugs classes as Macrolides

A

End in - Thromycin

42
Q

With what drug categories are we concerned about cross sensitivity?

A

sulfonamides and thiazide diuretics

43
Q

what are Fluoroquinolones used to treat?

A

Treating urinary track, respiratory track, and skin infections

44
Q

adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones

A

Headache, dizziness, GI upset, ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE

45
Q

what does TB treatment include?

A

at least two drugs because multidrug-resistant TB has developed.

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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