Week 2 Drugs Affecting the Immune System Flashcards
signs of infection
Fever
Lethargy
Slow-wave sleep induction
Classic signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, and pain)
2 types of antimicrobial
bacteriocidal
bacteriostatic
Bacteriocidal:
Kill the organism. Essential if host lacks immune defense mechanisms
Bacteriostatic:
Temporarily stops growth of organism
how to prevent drug resistance
Prevent infection: Immunize No catheters Use specific drugs for known organism Consult Infectious Disease Experts Practice Asepsis Know local information
treatment to prevent an infection before it occurs
prophylaxis
what are the adverse effects of almost all antibiotics
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
Aminoglycosides drug group
A group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli
adverse effects of Aminoglycosides
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
+ NVD
Carbapenems drug class
Relatively new class of broad spectrums effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
adverse effects of Carbapenems
NVD and C diff
how penicillin can be given
IV or PO
adverse effects of Cephalosporins
NVD
where does the class of tetracyclines get its name?
it is composed of four rings
how do sulfonamides suppress bacterial growth?
by inhibiting folic acid
the Fluoroquinolones names in end
-floxacin
what antibiotics can pregnant women receive?
Keflex, pcn and zpak
patients on isoniazids should avoid which foods?
tyramine-rich food
wine, bananas, hamburgers
Adverse effects of Rifampin
Hepatitis
Discoloration of body fluids (urine, saliva, sweat and tears)
C diff (report diarrhea
2 major groups of antifungal agents
Systemic mycotic infections
Superficial mycotic infections
which patients are susceptible to fungal infections
AIDS patients
immunosupressant patients
transplant patients
old people
Amphotericin
broad spectrum fungal agents
what is Terbinafine used for
the treatment of fungal infection of the toenail or fingernail
What is selective toxicity?
Use of an antimicrobial to kill or control microbes without destroying host cells
The spectrum of activity of an anti-infective indicates …
the anti-infective’s effectiveness against different invading organisms
what does sensitivity testing show?
drugs that are capable of controlling that particular microorganism
where are gram-negative bacteria mostly found?
are mostly found in the GI and the GU tracts
What are Sulfonamides used for?
-broad spectrum infections
Used to treat Urinary Tract Infections and
Pneumocystis pneumonia
how should you take sulfonamides?
Take on empty stomach with full glass of water
Increase fluid intake to at least 2-3 L/day, unless contraindicated by the physical condition of the patient.
what are possible concerns with taking sulfonamides?
- Monitor immuno-compromised patients
- do not go in sun
- can cause hyperkalemia
- monitor drug interactions
Peak levels
need to be drawn when the drug is at its highest concentration – 1hr
Trough levels
drawn immediately before the next dose and is the lowest concentration
why has tetracycline use declined?
resistance
why are tetracyclines used?
- broad spectrum antibiotics
who should tetracyclins not be given to?
Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding
Children under the age of 8
adverse effects of tetracyclins
Skeletal retardation in infants
Tooth discoloration
Blood dyscrasias
suprainfection
what is the difference in the generations of Cephalosporins?
each group has its own spectrum of activity
what are cephalosporins
They are a large group of antibiotics, similar to penicillin, that are effective against a wide range of bacteria
what type of drug is acyclovir
antiviral
when may macrolides be used?
Used for prophylaxis in dental procedures with valvular heart disease
drugs classes as Macrolides
End in - Thromycin
With what drug categories are we concerned about cross sensitivity?
sulfonamides and thiazide diuretics
what are Fluoroquinolones used to treat?
Treating urinary track, respiratory track, and skin infections
adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones
Headache, dizziness, GI upset, ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE
what does TB treatment include?
at least two drugs because multidrug-resistant TB has developed.
