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Pharmacology > Week 1 Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Week 1 Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutics is also known as…

A

pharmacotherapeutics

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2
Q

what is therapeutics

A

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

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3
Q

3 most important properties of an ideal drug

A

effectiveness
safety
selectivity

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4
Q

what is the selectivity of a drug mean

A

Drug elicits only the response for which it is given

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5
Q

also called side effects

A

adverse effects

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6
Q

the additional properties of an ideal drug

A 
reversible action
predictability
Ease of administration
Freedom from drug interactions
Low cost
Chemical stability
Simple generic name
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7
Q

nurse responsibilities with drugs

A

Administering drugs
Assessing drug effects
Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable
Providing patient teaching about drugs and drug regimens
Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors

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8
Q

Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses

A

Administration
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Sources of individual variation

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9
Q

Four major pharmacokinetic processes

A 
Drug absorption
Drug distribution
Drug metabolism
Drug excretion 
time course of drug responses
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10
Q

what is troche for?

A

yeast or fungal infections of the mouth

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11
Q

clinical pharmacology

A

Study of drugs in humans

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12
Q

what does pharmacokinetics deal with?

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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13
Q

what does pharmacodynamics deal with?

A

(impact of drugs in the body)

  • Drug-receptor interaction
  • Patient’s functional state
  • Placebo effects
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14
Q

Orphan drugs

A

Drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug company to develop

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15
Q

what does PRN mean?

A

“as needed”

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16
Q

2 major areas in which pharmacologic knowledge can be applied?

A

patient care

patient education

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17
Q

clinical testing phase I

A

human volunteers

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18
Q

clinical testing Phase II

A

clinical investigators to try out drug on patients who have the disease that drug is designed to treat

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19
Q

clinical testing Phase III

A

use of drug in a vast clinical market

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20
Q

clinical testing Phase IV

A

Postmarketing surveillance

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21
Q

3 ways to cross a cell membrane

A

Channels and pores
Transport systems
Direct penetration of the membrane

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22
Q

Factors Affecting Drug Absorption

A 
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
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23
Q

anything taken orally will go through…

A

the liver

- first pass

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24
Q

Critical Concentration

A

The amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

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25
Q

Half-life of a drug

A

the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved

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26
Q

where does metabolism happen

A

liver

27
Q

a receptor

A

any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its effects

28
Q

Agonists

A

molecules that activate receptors

29
Q

Antagonists

A

prevent receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs

30
Q

Partial Agonists

A

These are agonists that have only moderate intrinsic activity

31
Q

most common drug allergy

A

penicillin

32
Q

Idiosyncratic effect

A

An uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

33
Q

Paradoxical effect

A

The opposite of the intended drug response

34
Q

iatrogenic disease

A

a disease produced by drugs

35
Q

the 2 liver enzymes

A

AST

ALT

36
Q

what is the worst time for a pregnant womam to take a teratogen?

A

embryonic period: week 3-8

37
Q

first pass effect

A

large part of chemicals never reach the body because they go through the liver first

38
Q

sources of individual variation

A

Physiologic variables
Genetic variables
Pathologic variables
Drug interactions

39
Q

a drug that has adverse effects on a fetus

A

teratogenic

40
Q

a higher dose than usual used for treatment

A

loading dose

41
Q

a dose that is given continuosly

A

maintenance dose

42
Q

define metabolism

A

Defined as the enzymatic alteration of drug structure

43
Q

metabolism is also known as

A

biotransformation

44
Q

generic name of a drug

A

the original name assigned to the drug at the begining of the evaluation process

45
Q

What kinds of drugs can cross the placenta easily and enter fetal circulation?

A

Lipophilic drugs

46
Q

selective toxicity

A

the ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign or abnormal cells

47
Q

much of the bio-transformation that occurs when a drug is taken occurs as a part of

A

first pass effect through the liver

48
Q

what determines the half-life of a drug?

A

a balance of all pharmocokinetic processes

49
Q

low serum potassium levels

A

hypokalemia

50
Q

increased serum potassium levels

A

hyperkalemia

51
Q

what agents can lead to hyperkalemia?

A

antineoplastic agents

52
Q

what agents commonly cause stomatitis

A

antineoplastic agents

53
Q

what is an enzyme inducer

A

a chemical which increase the activity of that enzyme system

54
Q

what is an enzyme inhibitor

A

decreases the activity of the enzyme system

55
Q

what does the liver use the CYP450 enzyme for?

A

to alter the drug and start its transformation

56
Q

meaning of the therapeutic index

A

measurement of safety of a drug

57
Q

what does the therapeutic index consider?

A

the amount of the drug that is effective compared to the amount that causes toxicity

58
Q

why do nurses write a nursing diagnosis?

A

to identify actual or potential alternation in patient function

59
Q

what would a nurse do before starting a laxative regimen

A

liver function test
abdominal exam
skin color and lesion evaluation

60
Q

what organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion

A

kidneys

61
Q

how does gender impact opioid analgesics?

A

Certain opioid analgesics are much more effective in women than in men

62
Q

how does gender impact alcohol metabolism?

A

Alcohol is metabolized more slowly by women than by men

63
Q

how does gender impact quinidine?

A

Quinidine causes greater QT interval prolongation in women than in men

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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