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cases for neurophysiology > week 14: sleep > Flashcards

week 14: sleep Flashcards

1
Q

is sleep an active or inactive state

A

active organized

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2
Q

give some examples of sleeps distinctive physiological fetures

A

muscle tone
ocular movments
temp
endocrine act
gastro act
cardioresp act

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3
Q

true or false: sleep is the same thoughout lofeslap

A

false, changes in terms of timing, duration and stages

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4
Q

give 2 examples of how sleep changes throughout life

A

babies sleep more often but shorter than adults

people over 60 often do not have the deep sleep stage

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5
Q

what are the 5 functions of sleeping

A

energy conservation theory (decrease in metabolism during sleep)
inactive thoery
restoration theory
brain plasticity
cleansing the brain

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6
Q

explain the energy conservation theory for sleep

A

decrease in metabolism during sleep
=allows us to conserve energy for wakefulness

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7
Q

explain the inactive theory for sleep

A

more for animals
=going to sleep when predators are out

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8
Q

explain the restoration theory for sleep

A

replisninsh brain stores such as glycogen

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9
Q

explain the brain plasticity theory for sleep

A

allows for memory consultation
(SHY hypothesis=sleep is used to eliminate weak connections and strengthen stronger ones to encode important things)

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10
Q

what is the shy hypothesis

A

(SHY hypothesis=sleep is used to eliminate weak connections and strengthen stronger ones to encode important things)

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11
Q

explain the cleansing the brain theory for sleep

A

glymphatic system is active to reduce and remove metabolic waste

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12
Q

true or false: sleep deprivation affects immune system

A

true

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13
Q

are we more sensitive to pain after sleep deprivation

A

yes

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of sleep

A

non rem (non rapid eye movement)
rem (rapid eye movements)

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15
Q

what are the 3 stages in the non rem sleep

A

n1 (transition to light sleep)
n2 (light sleep)
n3 (deep sleep)

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16
Q

what is the lightest sleep in the non rem called

A

n1

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17
Q

true or false: transition to light sleep period (n1) takes up large portion of our nigth

A

false, only 2-5% (only really active when trying to fall asleep or after waking up during night)

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18
Q

which stage of non rem sleep takes up the largest chunk of our sleep

A

n2 (light sleep)

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19
Q

true or false: most of our night is spent in light sleep (n2)

A

true

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20
Q

true or false; deep sleep is achievable at any age

A

false, past 60 often dont have deep sleep)

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21
Q

what is the stage of sleep called in rem

A

paradoxical sleep

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22
Q

when does dreaming occur

A

rem (paradoxical sleeP0

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23
Q

percentage of n1

A

2-5

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24
Q

percentage of n2

A

45-55

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25
Q

percentage of n3

A

10-20

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26
Q

percentage of paradoxical sleep

A

20-25

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27
Q

how long is one sleep cycle lasting

A

90-120 minutes

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28
Q

true or false: you cycle through rem, n1,n2,n3 every 90-120 minutes

A

true

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29
Q

in terms of the sleep cycle, majority of n3 (deep sleep) happens when

A

during first part of the night (and decrease across sleep cycles)

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30
Q

true or false, majority of n3 happens during first part of the night (and increases across sleep cycles)

A

false it decreases across sleep cycles

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31
Q

when do you get your most restorative sleep

A

during first part of the night (deep sleep n3)

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32
Q

do you get an increase in REM sleep or n3 sleep as the night progresses

A

rem

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33
Q

why is it that you can usually remember your dreams in the morning

A

because as night progresses and gets closer to morning, you increase your REM sleep activity

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34
Q

true or false: deep sleep (n3) is most active at beginning of sleep and REM sleep is most active as night progresses

A

true

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35
Q

what can you use to record the cortical activity of the scalp

A

electroencephalograph (EEG)

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36
Q

in EEG< the more neurons that discharge synchronously, the higher or lower the amplitude of oscillations

A

higher

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37
Q

in EEG< the more neurons that discharge synchronously, the higher the amplitude of oscillations therefore the SLOWER/FASTER the frequency

A

slower

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38
Q

explain EEG activity during deep sleep

A

increased activtity in EEG amplitude, slower frequency

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39
Q

explain cortical activity during REM sleep (2 systems)

A

increase in limbic system
decrease activity of the prefrontal cortex

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40
Q

what can explain why we have heightened emotionality and social inapropraite content of dreams

A

during REM, we are activating our limbic and triggering emotions without the inhibitory component of our prefrontal cortex

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41
Q

true or false: activation of VLPO induces wakefuless

A

false, sleep

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42
Q

explain TIPPING of sleep/wake (orexin vs VLPO)

A

wakefullness: orexin neurons stimulate systems (raphe, LC, thalamus)

sleep= VLPO inhibits orexin neurons, decreasing their activity and therefore decreasing wakeful to induce sleep

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43
Q

true or false: sleep deprivation can affect attention, memory nd executive functions

A

true

44
Q

NREM is more involved with episodic or procedural memory

A

episodic and declarative

45
Q

REM is more involved with episodic or procedural memory

A

procedural

46
Q

define episodic memory

A

store an retrieve memories related to specific time and place

47
Q

what are the ways that poor sleep during NREM can affect declarative memory

A

learning after a poor nights sleep impedes learning

learning prior to bad sleep impedes learning (diff encoding into memory)

48
Q

true or false, because REM is involved in procedural memory, performance is improved when a post learning sleep period is present

A

true

49
Q

what is the cold standard for measuring sleep

A

polysomnography

50
Q

what are the 3 miniminalyl required tests for polysomnography

A

electroencephalography
electrooculography
electromyography

51
Q

what is point of measuring electroencephalogry during sleep

A

different sleep stages have distinct signatures of EEG

52
Q

what is point of measuring electrooculography during sleep

A

measuring eye movement (Rem vs non rem)

53
Q

what is point of measuring electromyophrahy during sleep

A

measuring muscle tone (ex restless leg)

54
Q

what is the use of polosomn

A

diagnose sleep disorders, abnormalities and identify sleep stages

55
Q

what re some of the things a doctor will discuss during initial assessment of sleep

A

detailed medical and psych husotry
sleep history last 24 h
meds
smoking
alcohol
coffin
activity during day
last meal prior to study

56
Q

is cannot do a polysomnography, what can a pt use at home as an indirect measure of sleep

A

actigraphy

57
Q

what does actigraphy measure

A

measure mvoment
(indirect measure of sleep)

58
Q

why is actigraphy used

A

low cost
high toleratbilty and accessibly
long term recording
environmental cues (exL: light)

59
Q

what is some of the info collected in a sleep agenda

A

total horus slept
bedtime/risetime
awakenings
restfulness
naps

60
Q

what are 3 subjective sleep wake measures and briefly describe)

A

epworth sleepiness scale (ESS= how likely you are to doze off)

pittsburg sleep quality index (quality of sleep, refreshed, awakenings)

standford sleepiness space (overall sleepiness)

61
Q

the control of sleep and wakeful depends on what

A

brainstem and hypothalamic modulation of the thalamus and cortex

62
Q

true or false: sleep is a inactive state therefore neural activity is reduced

A

false, it is active
not reduced, altered

63
Q

true or false, sleep orders are common and not treatable

A

false they are common but also treatabe

64
Q

what are the 3 general categories of sleep disorders and their def

A

parasomnia (abnormal behaviour during sleep)

dyssomnias (inability to sleep or sleep complications)

circadian rhythm disorder

65
Q

explain behaviours seen in non rem parasomia

A

sleep walk
somniloquy (sleep talk)
night terrors
periodic limb movement disorders
bruxism (clench jaw)

66
Q

explain behaviours seen in rem parasomia

A

REM sleep disorder
nightmare disorder
sleep paralysis

67
Q

explain REM sleep disorder

A

do not lose muscle tone when sleeping which can cause you to move

=indivative of later neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinsons and dementia

68
Q

explain behaviours seen in dyssomnias

A

hypersomnia (narcolepsy)
insomnia
obstructive sleep apnea

69
Q

explain some disorders that are classified as circadian rhythm disorders

A

jet lag (bio clocks and systems not ready to mediate sleep/wake)

delayed / advances sleep phase disorders (sleeping too late or early)

shirt work sleep disorder
non 24h sleep wake disorder

70
Q

what are some of the cognitive affects of sleep dirosers

A

diff learning/concetration
decreased alert
decreased effiency
icnrae risk of accidents

71
Q

what are some of the psychiatrey affects of sleep dirosers

A

depression
anxiety
stress reactivity
somatic pain

72
Q

what are some effects of sleep disorders (GENERAL 5)

A

cognitive
psychoatric
cardiometabilic
increased substance consump
impaired QOL

73
Q

know the sleep hygiene tips

A

no phone before bed,
only use bed for sex and sleep
sleep in pitch black
use white noise
put socks to signal bedtime
sleep in cooler temperatures
go to sleep at the same time every day
avoid alc/activity/narcotis/large meals before bed
keep daytime naps below 20

74
Q

explain why daytime naps should only be under 20 minutes

A

since we know that we go into deep sleep quickly during beginning of sleep cycle therefore the subsequent sleep at night will be less n3/be less restorative

75
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

cyclical biological processes within a period of 24 h

76
Q

what are some of the biological processes associated with circadian rhythm

A

HR, cortisol levels, temperature, melatonin production, endocrine, sleep wake, muscle strength

77
Q

are circadian rhythms endogenous or exogenrous

A

endogenous, produced by organized

78
Q

circadian rhythms are sensitive to environment… specifically which is the main environmental clue that is the synchronizer of circadian rhytm

A

loght

79
Q

what are the 3 aspects you look for in circadian rhythm and briefly explain

A

period (duration (ie:24 h))

amplitude (peak amplitude of melatonin production, cortical, temperature values)

phase (moment of occurrence of a reference point during a cycle ((ex: when you get a peak melatonin production)

80
Q

what type is peak melatonin production

A

5am

81
Q

true or false: circadian rhythms are capable of entrainment

A

true

82
Q

what does circadian rhythm entrainment mean

A

active process by which the circadian clock synchronizes itself to the day-night environmental cycle)

83
Q

explain how entrainment will adjust internal clocks to a 24 h schedule

A

modulate the period and phase of internal clock to make it a 24h circuit

84
Q

circadian entraiment sises uses period environmental indices known as…

A

zeitgebers

85
Q

what is the principle zeitgeber/environmental index used by the circadian

A

light

86
Q

true or false: ambient temperature it the main zeitgeber for the circadian rhythm

A

false, light is

87
Q

what are 2 general ways to measure circadian rhythm in humans

A

1) ambulatory measures = timing and regulaturt of sleep wake
=ex: actigraphy, sleep agendas

2) biological clock markers (estimate period, amplitude and phase of endogenous clock)

88
Q

what are some requirements needed for biological clock markers

A

have a strong endogenous component
easy to measure (fluctura in an organized manner over 24h)

89
Q

what are some biological clock markers

A

minumum temperaturę
dim light melatonin onset
cortisol level

90
Q

when do we have the lowest body temperature during circadian

A

2h before waking up (allows us to remain asleep)

91
Q

true or false: melatonin peak is often at the same time as temperature minumum

A

true

92
Q

what are some aspects that can mask body temp as a circadian marker

A

posture
sleep
stimulating activities

93
Q

what are some aspects that can mask melatonin production as a circadian marker

A

light exposure
posture

94
Q

what are the laboratory protocols to control all masking during circadian rhytm

A

free running (person can do what they want in constant dim light)

constant routine (decrease effects of behaviour and environment
(measure phase and amplitude of endogenous clock)

forced desynchornicy (imposition of ultra long or ultra short sleep wake s=cycles to see how circadian rhythm adapts)
(measures endogenous period of a clock)

95
Q

where is the master circadian clock located

A

suprachiasmic nucleus of the hypothalamus

96
Q

true or false: the circadian loop is only found in the brain tissues

A

false, also in peripheral organs

97
Q

what is the main diff between circadian entrainment in the brain vs in the peripherals

A

peripheral organs cannot maintain a rhythm on their own (like the SCN) and cannot react to light
=need master clock

98
Q

why does the SCN act as a type of conductor

A

peripheral organs cannot maintain a rhythm on their own (like the SCN) and cannot react to light
=need master clock

99
Q

entrainment by light is enabled through what tract

A

retinohypothalamuc tract

100
Q

what is the retinohypothalamuc tract

A

monosynaptic pahtway (direct pathway from retina to SCN0
=independant of visual pathways

101
Q

true or false, the retinohypothalamuc tract is independent of visual pathways and explain

A

yes
specialized retinal cells synapse directly with SCN thru the tract

102
Q

what are the circadian photoreceptors of the retinohypothalamuc tract

A

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

103
Q

what is the photo pigment in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

A

melanopsin

104
Q

a Zeitgebers effect depends on what 4 things

A

1) phase of the endogenous clock relative to the exposition (ie: when exposition occurs)

2) the intensity and dureation of exposition

3) the wavelength of the light

4) the contracts between light and dark to which the subject is exposed (day night differences)

105
Q

what is the critical point

A

the point where effect of light shifts from delay to advance

=phase of temp minimun

106
Q

what is the phase of temp minimum usually occur

A

around 4/5 am

107
Q

explain how to induce a small phase delay using light as zeitgeber

A

expose them to light way before critical point (ex: 12 am)

generate only a small phase delay in temperature rhythm
(ie min temp will now occur at 5 am instead of 4)

cases for neurophysiology (14 decks)

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