extraoparamidal (week 13) Flashcards
1
Q
what are the two main systems that are important for fine tuning and precision of movement
A
basal nuclei
cerebelllum
2
Q
actually doing the motor component of a movement is done by motor or premotor cortex
A
motor
3
Q
what are the 7 aspects important to voluntary movement
A
1) motor and premotor cortex
2) motor thalamus
3) basal ganglia
4) cerebellum
5) BS nuclei
6) SC paths
7) motor neurons
4
Q
what is the function of the motor cortex
A
executes movements through patters of neuronal activity that descend to spinal cord (activated during the execution of movement)
5
Q
the motor cortex is activated during BLANK
A
the execution of movement)
6
Q
what is the function of the premotor cortex
A
organizes voluntary movement wrt sensory info, rep of motor activation, movement planning and execution
7
Q
when is the premotor cortex activation
A
2) activation during movement PLANNING and EXECUTION
3) activated when observing movement
8
Q
True or false:
the premotor cortex is only activated during planning of a movement
A
false, also during execution and observing a movement
9
Q
what is the role of the BS in terms of movement
A
posture and balance (vestibulo system, Reticilospinalo )
10
Q
what is the function of the cerebellum in movement
A
coordination and sequencing of motor activitvity, head and eye movements, posture and motor learning
11
Q
what is the function of the BN (extrapyramidal) in movement
A
involved in motor control and modulation
12
Q
involved in motor control and modulation
what system
A
basal n
13
Q
coordination and sequencing of motor activitvity, head and eye movements, posture and motor learning
what motor system
A
cerebellum
14
Q
posture and balance
what motor system
A
brainstem
15
Q
organizes voluntary movement wrt sensory info, rep of motor activation, movement planning and execution
what motor system
A
premotor
16
Q
executes movements through patters of neuronal activity that descend to spinal cord (activated during the execution of movement)
what motor system
A
motor cortex
17
Q
what pathway controls voluntary muscle control
A
pyramidal
18
Q
true or false: the pyramidal pathways controls involuntary muscle control
A
false, voluntary
19
Q
where does the pyramidal pathway originate
A
corte
20
Q
what are the 2 divisions of the pyramidal pathway
A
corticospinal
corticobulbar
21
Q
the pyramidal pathaway start from cortex and project through where
A
pyramids of the medulla to the SC (cortcispinal) and brainstem/creanial n (cortibulbar)
22
Q
what controls involuntary movement and modulation
A
extrapyramidal
23
Q
true or false; the extrapyramidal pathway controls involuntary movement and modulation
A
true
24
Q
where does the extrapyramidal pathways originate
A
in the brainstem (Basal ganglia)
25
does the extrapyramidal pathways travel through the pyramids of the medulla
no
26
true or false; the basal ganglia is involved in movement control and modulation
true
27
what are the 3 main nuclei of the nasal ganglia
1) striatum (putamen and caudate)
2) globus pallidus
3) substantial nigra
28
what is the important NT for the substantial nigra
dopamine
29
what are the 2 parts of the striautm
putamen and caudate
30
what are the neurons located inside the striatum
medium spiny neurons
31
true or false: medium spiny neurons originate in the globus pallidus
false
they originate in the striatum
32
where does medium spiny neurons synapse
in globus pallidus and substantie nigra
33
true or false: the medium spiny neurons synapse i the globus pallibus and subthalamic nuclei
false GP and substantia nigra
34
what are the 3 locations the medium spiny neurons receive info from
1) cortical pyramidal nueorns
2) local circuit neurons
3) dopaminergic neurons (from substantial nigra)
35
modulation of movement occurs from what
local circuit neurones and dopamine
36
the direct pathway is involved in stimulating or inhibiting movement
stimulating
37
the indirect pathway is involved in stimulating or inhibiting movement
inhibiting
38
in general, is the thalamus trying to send excitatory or inhibitory projections to the coretex
excitation (wants to stimulate movement)
39
in general, is the GPi (and sub nig pars reticulate) trying to send excitatory or inhibitory projections to the thalams
inhibitory (want to inhibit thalamic neurons and suppress movement)
40
what is the general reason that the GPi and sub nigra pars reticulate send inhibit projections to the thalamic neurons
to suppress movement
41
what are the aspects of the BN that inhibit the thalamus
GPi and SN pars reticula
42
what is the net effect on the crotex in the direct pathway
excitatory
43
in the direct pathway, the crotex sends excitatory or inhibitory projections to the striatum
excitatory (corticostriatal)
44
in the direct pathway, the striatum sends excitatory or inhibitory projections to the GPi/SN pars reticualta
inhibitory (through medium spiny neutrons)
45
what neurons send inhibitory information from the striatum to the GPI and SN pars reticulate
medium spiny neurones
46
by inhibiting the GPi, are we removing the inhibition to the thalamus, or increasing it
removing the inhibition to the thalamus
47
what is the general modulator of the direct pathway
SN pars compacta (sending dopamine)
48
in the direct pathway, does the SN parts compacta strengthen activation or inhibition
activation (want to create more movement)
49
pathway for direct
1) cortex sends excitatory projects to the striatum (GO WE WANT MOVEMENT)
2) striatum (via medium spiny) send a lot of inhibition signals to the GPI (becomes inhibitid)
3) GPi is inhibited, therefore sends less inhibitory signals to the thalamus)
4) thalamus is removed from tonic inhibition and can send its excitatory projections to the cortex (STIMULATES MOVEMENT)
=SN pars compacta releases dopamine that acts on D1 receptors which up regulates pathway to create more movement
50
under normal conditions/movement, is the subthalamic nucleus getting inhibited or activated by the GPe
inhibited (ie movement can occur)
51
when the subthalamic nucleus is inhibited, does movement occur or stop
movement occurs
52
what is the net effect on the cortex in the indirect pathway
inhibitory
53
explain the indirect pathway
1) cortex sends excitatory projects to the striatum (GO WE WANT MOVEMENT)
2) striatum (via medium spiny) send a lot of inhibition signals to the GPe (becomes inhibitid)
3) GPe is inhibited, therefore sends less inhibitory signals to the subthalamic nucleus)
4) subthalamic nucleus is removed from tonic inhibition and can send its
excitatory projections to the GPi and SN parts reticulate (INHIBITS) MOVEMENT)
5) thalamus is INHIBITED and cannot send its excitatory projections to the cortex (SUPPRESSES MOVEMENT)
=SN pars compacta releases dopamine that acts on D2 receptors which up downregulates pathway to suppress movement
54
true or false: only the direct or indirect pathway is happening at one time, not at the same time
false, tehey work together to initiate and suppress movement
55
the indirect and direct pathway work tgt to do what to movemn
work together to initiate and suppress movement
56
how is it that we can have both the indirect and direct pathway working at the same time
=they work in two diff areas of the BN
direct pathway is confused o the internal segment of the GO
indirect pathway is more diffuse covering more areas
57
true or false: dopamine is only excitatory in the BN pathway and explain
false, can increase or decrease activativty because there are 2 types of receptors
58
what are the 2 main disorders of the BN
parkinsons
huntingon
59
diminished movements is parkinsons or huntingtons
parkinson
60
excessive movements is parkinsons or huntingtons
huntingtons
61
what are the 4 main characters of diseases of the basal nuceli
tremor and involuntary movements (tremors at rest)
changes in posture and muscle tone
slowenes of movements but not paralysis
cognitive and behavioural disturbances
62
explain the different in tremors for the basal nuclei disorders vs the cerebellum disorders
BN: tremors are at rest /involntary
cerebellum: voluntary tremors during intentional movement
63
why is it common to see cognitive and behaviroal disturbances
because dopamine is in these pathways and we know dopamine has a role in behaviour
64
parkinsons is a hypo or hyper kinetic disorders
hypo
65
huntingon is a hypo or hyper kinetic disorders
hyper
66
what is the cause of parkinson
loss of neurons containing dopamine in SN (loss of domain leads to decreased activity in the direct pathway and increased activity in the indirect pathway)
67
what does loss of dopamine in parkinsons do to the activity of the direct and indirect pathways
decreased activity in the direct pathway and increased activity in the indirect pathway)
68
in parkinsons, tjære is a decreased/increased activity in the direct pathway and decreased/increased activity in the indirect pathway)
decreased in direct
indrecased in indirect
69
what are the 4 common symptoms of parkinson
tremor (shaking at rest, increases with stress)
rigidity (increased tone)
akinesia/bradykineasa (slow and freezing)
postural instability (high risk of falls)
70
true or false: in parkinsons, the tremors increase with stress
true
71
true or false; in parsons, the tremor does not reduce during action
false, it usually does
72
in parkinsons, the inhibitory projections from the striatum to the GPi is increased or decreased
decreased
73
in parkinsons, since the the inhibitory projections from the striatum to the GPi is decreased, does that lead to more or less tonic inhibition of thalamsu
more (decreased activity)
74
in parsons, does more tonic inhibition of thalamus lead to decreased or increases movement
decreases
75
what is the cause of huntingtons
degeneration of the striatum
=disinhibition of indirect pathway=increased activity of motor cortex
76
explain how in huntingtons, there is increased activity of motor cortex
lose the striatum = less inhibition to GPe
GPe can send more inhibitor signals to the Sth nucleus
subthalmaic nucleus cannot send excitatory signals to the GPi to inhibit the thalamus therefore there is more movmetn
77
is huntingon geentic
yes
78
what are the common symptoms of huntington
hypotonia
dyskinesia
athetosis
chorea
ballism
dystonia
79
explain hypotonia
decreased muscle done
80
explai dyskinesa
involuntary movemntsex
81
explain athetosis
slow, writhing (twisting/squirming) movements of the limbs and face
82
explain chorea
jerky, random movements of limbs and face
83
explain ballism
violent large amplitude movements
84
explain dystonia
sustained abrnoaml postures or slow movements
85
in huntington's, there is increased activity of motor cortex through inhibition or disinhibition of the indirect pathways
disinhibtion
86
true or false: in end stages parkinsons or huntinton there is no more tremors or chorea
true
87
what is the role of the cerebllum
to detect the diff or "motor error" between intended movement and actual movement and works to reduce that error/diff
88
how does cerebellum influence movement
modifying activity patters of the UMN
89
TRUE OR FALSE; the cerebellum influences movement by modifying activity patters of the LMN
false, the UMN
90
disorders of the cerebellum lead to what
persistent errors in movement (disco ordination, dysmetria, cerebellar ataxia)
91
what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum
cerebrocerebllum (in the lobes)
spinocerebellum (vermis and paranormal)
vestbulocerebbulum (floculonodular)
92
what is the f=role of the cerebrospinal cerbellum
motor planning
initiation of movement
93
motor planning
initiation of movement
which cerebellar system
cerebro
94
what is the role of the spine cerebellum
fine adjustments of muscle tone
motor execution nd coordination
95
fine adjustments of muscle tone
motor execution nd coordination
which cerebellar system
spino
96
what is the role of the vestibulo cerebellum
maintenance of balance, postural sway, balance during stance and gait, eye movements
97
maintenance of balance, postural sway, balance during stance and gait, eye movements
which cerebellar systm
vestibulo
98
what are the 3 main cerebellam inputs
cerebral cortex (motor ansensory) through BS nucleu
spinal cord (propricep and somatosensory)
vestibular nuclei (info on position and motion)
99
what type of info is send form the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
info about motor and sensory information
100
what type of info is send from the SC to the cerebellum
proprioception and somatosensory info
101
what type of info is send from the vestibualr to the cerebellum
info on position and motion of the body
102
the info received from the SC to the cerebellum is from ipsialteral or contralateral side
ipsi
103
the info received from the vestibular nucleiu to the cerebellum is from ipsialteral or contralateral side
ipsilate
104
the info received from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum is from ipsialteral or contralateral side
contralateral
105
the right cerebellum cording movement for right body or left body
right body (ipsilateral)
106
what is the main output form the cerebullum
deep cerebellar nuclei
107
what are the 2 projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei
to SC via vestviualr complex
to premotor an motor cortex via the UMN in brainstem and thalamic nuclei
108
explain the feedback loop of the cerbellum
red nuclei receives info from cerebellum and sends info back to cerebellum
leads to adaptation and motor learning
109
what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cell organiastoon
granular (deep)
purkinje
molecular (less deep)
110
what are the 4 main important cells/fibers of the ceberullum
purkinje
granule cell
mossy fibers
climbing fibers
(basket cells = interneours)
111
granule cells are located in what layer
granular layer
112
granule cells are excitatory or inhibito
excitatory
113
explain projection/synapse of granule cells (general(
granule cells in deepest layer, its axons project and extend into the molecular layer and split into parallel fibers
114
are p[urkinje fibers inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory
115
where are purkinje cells located (layer)
pukrinje layer
116
explain projection/synapse of granule cells (general(
dendrites of purkinje synapse with parallel fibers in the molecular layer
synapse with deep cerebellar nuclei
117
true or false, purkinje fibers send excitatory signals to the deep cerebellar output nuclei
false, inibitiboru
118
are mossy fibers excitatory or inhib
excitatory
119
mossy fibers get input from what general locations
motor cortex (cerebro), spinal cord (spinocerebellum, vestibular nucleu (vestibulo)
120
mossy fibers synapsen with what cell
granula cells
121
are climbing fibers excitatory or inibitor
excitatory
122
what is the only 2 cells of the cerbellum that are inhibitory
purkinje
basket
123
give am example of where climbing fibers can come from
inferior olive complex)
124
true or false: one climbing fibers synapses with many purkines
true
125
climbing fibres synapse with what cell in the cerebellum
purkinje
126
the granule cells split into parallel fibers in what layer
molecular
127
purkinje cells synapse with parallel granule cell fibers in what layer
molecular
128
what is the function of basket cells in the cerebllum
they are inhibitory interneours
serve to modulate inhibitory activity of purkinje
129
what are the 2 feedback loops of the cerebellum
deep excitatory loop (positive feedback)
cortcilar inhibitory loop (neg feedback)
130
explain deep excitatory loop
mossy fibers and climbing fibers (excitatory) synapse with Deep cerebellar output nuclei allowing it to send info to cerebllum outputs
=postiive feedback loop
131
explain cortical inhibitory llop
mossy fibers and climbing (excitatory) synapse with purkinje cells allowing it to INHIBIT cerebellar output
=negative feedback loop
132
what does the interplay between two cerebellar loops result in
neural sharpening of the overall motor response (allows precision of movement(
133
the neural sharpening is important for what
the correction of ongoing motor commands/movments
reduces movement errors
134
true or false: neural sharpening is important for the correction of ongoing motor commands/movments
true
135
are the cerebellar circuits/loops adaptable
yes, they can change
involved in motor learning
136
true or false: a BN lesion will lead to difficulty producing smooth, well COORDINATED movements
false, to cerebellum
137
true or false: in a cerebellar lesion, the movement errors will be on opposite side of the body compared to cerebellum
false, the movement errors will be on the same side of the body as the damage to the cerebellum (ipsi)
138
what are the 4 types of cerebellar injuries
cerebellar ataxia
vestivbulocaerebellar syndrom
cerebellar motor sundrome
cerebrocerebellum lesions
139
explain ncerebllar ataxia
jerky and impressive movements
140
jerky and impressive movements
what type of cerebellar injury
cerebellar ataxia
141
explain vestibulocerebeullar syndrome
difficulty standing upright and maintaining eye fixation (nystagmus)
142
difficulty standing upright and maintaining eye fixation (nystagmus)
what type of cerebellar injury/condition
vestibulocereballr syndrome
143
explain cerebellar motor syndrome
dysmetria (over.under reachin), wide based gait and shuffling, diff with rapid alternating movements (dysdiadokinesia) and tremors during voluntary movement
144
dysmetria (over.under reachin), wide based gait and shuffling, diff with rapid alternating movements (dysdiadokinesia) and tremors during voluntary movement
what type or cerebellar injur
cerebellar motor syndorm
145
true or false: in cerebellar injuries, you have tremors at rest
false, tremors during voluntary movements
146
explain cerebrocerebllum lesions
difficulty with speech, playing an instrument and difficulty learning new motor skills
147
difficulty with speech, playing an instrument and difficulty learning new motor skills
what cerebellar injury
cerebrocerebllum
148
what are the non motor challenges assocaited with cerebellum injuries
cognition (impaired executive functioning, visual spatial processing(
sppech
regulation of affect.mood
learning abilities (consolidator of motor learning)
