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cases for neurophysiology > brain plasticity part 1 > Flashcards

brain plasticity part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 general forms of plasticity

A

LT and ST

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2
Q

explain short term plasticity

A

affects pre synaptic NT release

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3
Q

affects pre synaptic NT release

ST or LT plasticity

A

ST

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4
Q

explain long term plasticity

A

molecular mechanisms that change over time (mostly on post synaptic neurons)

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5
Q

molecular mechanisms that change over time (mostly on post synaptic neurons)

ST or LT plasticity

A

LT

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6
Q

define neuroplstistic

A

ability of the NS to respond to stimuli by organizing structure, function, and connections

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7
Q

why is stroke interesting model for neuroplasticisty

A

shows how induced and USE DEPENDENT plasticity mechanisms may mediate recovered

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8
Q

explain the graph about changes in synapses in post natal brain

A

increase in synapses until it peaks around 2 years old

=synaptic pruning (to be more efficient in our connections)

eventually amount of synapses decreases because of neurodegenerative reasons

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9
Q

true or false: the neurodegeneration of synapses coincides with presence of symptoms

A

false, neurodegereation happens long before symptoms occur because brain is reorganizing synapses and connections to mediate the changes

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10
Q

the events of icrneases synapses occur in synchronicity with what

A

acquisition of sensory and motor abilities
capacity for social interaction
and complex cognitive behaviours

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11
Q

what does the concept of synaptogenesis mean

A

it means we are not creating new neurons, we are creating new synapses

(maximizing the connections between two neurons)

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12
Q

we are creating new synapses
(maximizing the connections between two neurons

associated with what concept

A

synaptogenesis

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13
Q

how are the different ways of brain plasticity in a young CNS

A

1) growth of axons and dendrites
2) pruning of branches (efficiency(
3) creating of synaopses
4) death of nueorns
5) changes in synaptic strength

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14
Q

what is the result of brain plasticity in a young CNS

A

elaboration and fine tuning of the developing CNS

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15
Q

explain the critical period

A

maturational stage which the NS is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

(if you do not get the proper sensory input at the time the system is developing, you will lose the ability of that system)

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16
Q

give an example of critical period

A

in a cat, one eye was closed for 3 months after birth (monocular deprivation)
result= only open eye developed vision

(cat did not receive appropriate visual stimuli in his affected eye to develop the vision during the critical period)

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17
Q

explain why when covering a cats eye (monocular deprivation) from birth to 3 months means he can only see from uncovered eye

A

(cat did not receive appropriate visual stimuli in his affected eye to develop the vision during the critical period)

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18
Q

when is the critical period for language (general)

A

first few years of life (if do not get language stimuli, will not be able to speak)

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19
Q

true or false and explain: there is not critical period for the vestibular system

A

false
if you do not get the proper vestibular stim when it is developping

will develop permanent deficients in balance and movement in space

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20
Q

what are some of the reasons we can get changes in neural pathways and synapses

A

changes in behaviour,
environemtn
thinking
emotions

learning and memory

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21
Q

define learning

A

change in behaviour that results from acquired knowledge about the word

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22
Q

explain the function of neuroplasticiity in learning

A

activity dependent plastics plays a role in learning and ability to understand new things

help to adapt an indiviaisl brain according to the relative amount of usage and functioning

23
Q

define memory

A

process by which knowledge is encoded, stored and later retrived

24
Q

which comes first, learning or memory

A

learnirn g

25
Q

what is the major player in transferring info from working memory to LT memory

A

hippocampus

26
Q

is memory an example of Neuropalstic

A

true

27
Q

explain why memory is essential for full function and independent survival

A

memory on people and palces
language
motor skills
personal identifying t

28
Q

in the adults brain, after an injury (ex brain damage) can neuroplasticity occur

A

yes through rehabilitation
if you practice a lot and use those neurons, synapses will improve and you can recover partially

29
Q

what is the basis of motor learning

A

SM integration

30
Q

what is the function of integrating sensory information to motor abilities

A

provides a goal or target for upcoming movement

31
Q

what is the function of integrating motor information to sensory

A

gives feedback on performance
moving to perceive (sound localization ,stereognosis)

32
Q

what are the 3 aspects to motor learning

A

learning is a process of acquiring capability for producing skilled actions

learning results of practice

motor learning =permanent

33
Q

what are the 2 types of memory

A

explicit and implicit

34
Q

explain explicit memory

A

delibratory and consciously retrieved facts and details (ex: place, people, things) and is high flexible

35
Q

where is explicit memory about experiences and facts held

A

temporal lobe, hippocampal areas)

36
Q

explain implicit memory

A

automatic memory that requires little conciousness (ex: skill learning, conditioning)

37
Q

where is implicit memory held (specifically skill learning)

A

in basal ganglia and cerebellum

38
Q

why is it that patient HM did not lose many of his ability to learn skills

A

because that is not controlled bynhippocampase

39
Q

what are the 2 main brain areas involved in motor learning

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia

40
Q

true or false; in early learning, basal ganglia is activatied

A

false, cerebellum

41
Q

explain cerebellum and basal ganglia in the different stages of learning

A

cerebellum is activated in early learning (allowing us to make rapid adjustments and corrections)

activity decreases with practice (no longer need to make adjustments, just pruning)

striatum activity increases with greater practice (encoding the ability to do it an the rewards)

42
Q

explain why the cerebellum is important in the motor learning early on

A

compare info from different sources (motor, sensory, vestibular) and make adjustments to achieve the intended coordinated movements

(maintains posture and balance, coordinates motion before execution)

43
Q

explain why the striatum is important in the motor learning later on

A

is has the role in the motor plan and modulation of execution

has many connections with the limbic system (encoding the motor learning and getting the rewards)

44
Q

true or false: patient HM had abnormal working memory

A

true

45
Q

true or false: patient HM had no memories of events before surgery

A

false, after surgery

46
Q

was patient HM able to learn how to trace the star backwards in the mirror and why

A

yes because that is motor learning which is encoded by BG and cerebllum, not by hippocampus (which was removed)

47
Q

what are the 3 main factors influencing learning and retention

A

1) practice
2) mental imagery./rehearsal
3) feedback and performance

48
Q

explain how practice influences learning and resenting

A

amount of practice
challenging
motivation and goal setting
instructions
variability of practice enhances retinon

49
Q

true or false: repeated use of a body part or injury of body part can change representation in the cortical maps

A

true

50
Q

give an example of remapping due to repeated use of a body part

A

in monkeys, extensive training in a task that required a lot of use of digits 2,3,4

after doing it for a long time, the cortex remaps
=adjusts the representation of the fingers that were repeatedly used (larger cortical repression for these digits)

51
Q

give an example of remapping due to injury of a body part (exL amputation)

A

when one finger of a monkey was amputated, the representation of the missing finger was filled in by the map of the adjacent fingers

52
Q

give an example of how rehabilitation cause lead to neuroplasticity (pre and post infarct in monkeys)

A

infarct = loss of representation of affected digit in that area

post infarct and challenging exercises= changes in cortical map (lead to expansion of finger represenation)

=can lead to functional recovering by increasing the represenation on the cortical map

53
Q

can axons regenerate in the adult CNS

A

you can regrow axons but usually doesn’t occur (usually why sensation and motor loss is permanent)

54
Q

why is it that axon regeneration in the CNS fails

A

environment surround CNS inhibits to axon growth

most CNS axons only mount a feeble regeneration response after they are cut

cases for neurophysiology (14 decks)

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