brain plasticity part 1 Flashcards
what are the 2 general forms of plasticity
LT and ST
explain short term plasticity
affects pre synaptic NT release
affects pre synaptic NT release
ST or LT plasticity
ST
explain long term plasticity
molecular mechanisms that change over time (mostly on post synaptic neurons)
molecular mechanisms that change over time (mostly on post synaptic neurons)
ST or LT plasticity
LT
define neuroplstistic
ability of the NS to respond to stimuli by organizing structure, function, and connections
why is stroke interesting model for neuroplasticisty
shows how induced and USE DEPENDENT plasticity mechanisms may mediate recovered
explain the graph about changes in synapses in post natal brain
increase in synapses until it peaks around 2 years old
=synaptic pruning (to be more efficient in our connections)
eventually amount of synapses decreases because of neurodegenerative reasons
true or false: the neurodegeneration of synapses coincides with presence of symptoms
false, neurodegereation happens long before symptoms occur because brain is reorganizing synapses and connections to mediate the changes
the events of icrneases synapses occur in synchronicity with what
acquisition of sensory and motor abilities
capacity for social interaction
and complex cognitive behaviours
what does the concept of synaptogenesis mean
it means we are not creating new neurons, we are creating new synapses
(maximizing the connections between two neurons)
we are creating new synapses
(maximizing the connections between two neurons
associated with what concept
synaptogenesis
how are the different ways of brain plasticity in a young CNS
1) growth of axons and dendrites
2) pruning of branches (efficiency(
3) creating of synaopses
4) death of nueorns
5) changes in synaptic strength
what is the result of brain plasticity in a young CNS
elaboration and fine tuning of the developing CNS
explain the critical period
maturational stage which the NS is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli
(if you do not get the proper sensory input at the time the system is developing, you will lose the ability of that system)
give an example of critical period
in a cat, one eye was closed for 3 months after birth (monocular deprivation)
result= only open eye developed vision
(cat did not receive appropriate visual stimuli in his affected eye to develop the vision during the critical period)
explain why when covering a cats eye (monocular deprivation) from birth to 3 months means he can only see from uncovered eye
(cat did not receive appropriate visual stimuli in his affected eye to develop the vision during the critical period)
when is the critical period for language (general)
first few years of life (if do not get language stimuli, will not be able to speak)
true or false and explain: there is not critical period for the vestibular system
false
if you do not get the proper vestibular stim when it is developping
will develop permanent deficients in balance and movement in space
what are some of the reasons we can get changes in neural pathways and synapses
changes in behaviour,
environemtn
thinking
emotions
learning and memory
define learning
change in behaviour that results from acquired knowledge about the word
explain the function of neuroplasticiity in learning
activity dependent plastics plays a role in learning and ability to understand new things
help to adapt an indiviaisl brain according to the relative amount of usage and functioning
define memory
process by which knowledge is encoded, stored and later retrived
which comes first, learning or memory
learnirn g
what is the major player in transferring info from working memory to LT memory
hippocampus
is memory an example of Neuropalstic
true
explain why memory is essential for full function and independent survival
memory on people and palces
language
motor skills
personal identifying t
in the adults brain, after an injury (ex brain damage) can neuroplasticity occur
yes through rehabilitation
if you practice a lot and use those neurons, synapses will improve and you can recover partially
what is the basis of motor learning
SM integration
what is the function of integrating sensory information to motor abilities
provides a goal or target for upcoming movement
what is the function of integrating motor information to sensory
gives feedback on performance
moving to perceive (sound localization ,stereognosis)
what are the 3 aspects to motor learning
learning is a process of acquiring capability for producing skilled actions
learning results of practice
motor learning =permanent
what are the 2 types of memory
explicit and implicit
explain explicit memory
delibratory and consciously retrieved facts and details (ex: place, people, things) and is high flexible
where is explicit memory about experiences and facts held
temporal lobe, hippocampal areas)
explain implicit memory
automatic memory that requires little conciousness (ex: skill learning, conditioning)
where is implicit memory held (specifically skill learning)
in basal ganglia and cerebellum
why is it that patient HM did not lose many of his ability to learn skills
because that is not controlled bynhippocampase
what are the 2 main brain areas involved in motor learning
cerebellum and basal ganglia
true or false; in early learning, basal ganglia is activatied
false, cerebellum
explain cerebellum and basal ganglia in the different stages of learning
cerebellum is activated in early learning (allowing us to make rapid adjustments and corrections)
activity decreases with practice (no longer need to make adjustments, just pruning)
striatum activity increases with greater practice (encoding the ability to do it an the rewards)
explain why the cerebellum is important in the motor learning early on
compare info from different sources (motor, sensory, vestibular) and make adjustments to achieve the intended coordinated movements
(maintains posture and balance, coordinates motion before execution)
explain why the striatum is important in the motor learning later on
is has the role in the motor plan and modulation of execution
has many connections with the limbic system (encoding the motor learning and getting the rewards)
true or false: patient HM had abnormal working memory
true
true or false: patient HM had no memories of events before surgery
false, after surgery
was patient HM able to learn how to trace the star backwards in the mirror and why
yes because that is motor learning which is encoded by BG and cerebllum, not by hippocampus (which was removed)
what are the 3 main factors influencing learning and retention
1) practice
2) mental imagery./rehearsal
3) feedback and performance
explain how practice influences learning and resenting
amount of practice
challenging
motivation and goal setting
instructions
variability of practice enhances retinon
true or false: repeated use of a body part or injury of body part can change representation in the cortical maps
true
give an example of remapping due to repeated use of a body part
in monkeys, extensive training in a task that required a lot of use of digits 2,3,4
after doing it for a long time, the cortex remaps
=adjusts the representation of the fingers that were repeatedly used (larger cortical repression for these digits)
give an example of remapping due to injury of a body part (exL amputation)
when one finger of a monkey was amputated, the representation of the missing finger was filled in by the map of the adjacent fingers
give an example of how rehabilitation cause lead to neuroplasticity (pre and post infarct in monkeys)
infarct = loss of representation of affected digit in that area
post infarct and challenging exercises= changes in cortical map (lead to expansion of finger represenation)
=can lead to functional recovering by increasing the represenation on the cortical map
can axons regenerate in the adult CNS
you can regrow axons but usually doesn’t occur (usually why sensation and motor loss is permanent)
why is it that axon regeneration in the CNS fails
environment surround CNS inhibits to axon growth
most CNS axons only mount a feeble regeneration response after they are cut
