local of higher brain function Flashcards
how many broaden areas
52
explain broaden areas (general decsription
using a microscope, noticed patterns of nerve cells in brain (same areas have same patterns in every brain)
noticed that the cell type and thickness differed in diff parts
conclusion- structure must be related to function
what was the conclusion of broadmens
structure must be related to function
what is layer 1 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection
neurophil (cortico-cortical)
neurophil (cortico-cortical)
which layer
1
what is layer 2 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection
small pyramidal neurons (cortico-cortical)
small pyramidal neurons (cortico-cortical)
which layer
2
what is layer 3 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection
small pyramidal nueorns (interhemispheric)
small pyramidal nueorns (interhemispheric)
which layert
layer 3
what is layer 4 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection
stellate neurons that have locally ramifying axons
stellate neurons that have locally ramifying axons
which layer
4
which layer of cortical lamination has major thalamic inputs
4
what is layer 5 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection
larger pyramidal neurons that cause outputs for leaving cortex (ie going to subcortical structures)
larger pyramidal neurons that cause outputs for leaving cortex (ie going to subcortical structures)
which layer
5
what is layer 6 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection
some pyramidal neurons and other neurons that leave the cortex
some pyramidal neurons and other neurons that leave the cortex
which layer
6
association area allow simple or complex brain function and explain
complex
process sensory information from primary cortices
what are some examples of complex brain functions done by assocaition cortices
ability to have thoughts and feelings (emotions)
awareness of physical and social circumstances
use language to express thoguhts
store and access info (memory)
sleep and wake
true or false: we have many primary areas but few assocaition areas
false
know general areas of the primary cortices
motor = precentral
somato = post central
visual=occipital (calc)
auditory = sup temporal
gusta= insula
olf = pirifirom
(hypothalamus, thalamus and brainstem as well)
what are the 3 association cortices
partietal
temporal
frontal
what is the general function of the parietal association cortex
mediates attention
what is the general function of the temproal association cortex
identification of stimuli
what is the general function of the frontal association cortex
planning, decision making
mediates attention
which assocaition cortex
parietal
planning, decision making
which assocaition cortex
frontal
identification of stimuli
which assocaition cortex
temporal
what is cognition
integrated abilities from frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
true or false: there are some visual and auditory functions in the parietal lobe
true
what are the general functions of the parietal lobe in terms of integrating somatomotor info
1) exploration and use of objects (stereognosis)
2) visuomotor transformation
3) body image
=organization of body image and its spatial relation to the world for control of purposeful movements
attentive to body and environment done by parietal assocaition relies on what
frame of references anchored to location of objects and their relative dimensions
a lesion to right parietal ass causes what issue
left heminecglect (inability to attend to objects or body on the left)
define stereognosis
abilities to perceive and recognize the form of an object in the absence of visual information
true or false: a lesion to the parietal lobe will not affect a persons stereognosis
false, it will
mediating to extra personal space is coordinated by what part of the pratietal lobe
posterior parietal association fcortex
the posterior parietal assocaition cortex (inportant for extrapersonal space) receives input from where
primary somatosensory (3a, 3b 1)
anterior parietal lobe (broaden area 2)
visual and auditor systems
hippocampus
what is the function of the posterior parietal association cortex
= EXTRAPERSONAL SPACE
integrates sensory modalities to form spatial perception of objects in extrapersonal space
if a person has a right lesion and has personal neglect syndrome, what are some of the behaviours the patient will exhibit
may not dress, undress, was the affected left side
will not draw left side of pictures
explain why a right lesion will have more devastating deficits than a left lesion in terms of spatial attention
the right mediates attention to both right and left halves of body and space therefore a lesion here means complete loss (no compensatory capacity in the left to mediate body and extrapersonal attention)
true or false: the left hemisphere (parietal lobe) mediates attention to the left only
false, to the right
explain consequences of a right hemisphere lesion in terms of attention
there will be severe left neglect
=no compensatory capacity in the left side to mediate left sided attention (because left mediates attention to the right only)
explain consequences of a left hemisphere lesion in terms of attention
minimal right neglect
=right hemisphere (in tact) can mediate for the deficits since it mediates attention to both sides)
what is the definition of body image
sensation of our body configuration or posture
define asomatognosia
lack of awareness or ownership of ones arm
lack of awareness or ownership of ones arm
known as what
asomatognosia
some patients with fronts-parietal lesions can have deficits in what
body image (inability to point to a named body part)
=neglecting opposite side of body)
true or false: parietal assocaition mediates attention, recognition of body image and internally generated movements
true
define apraxia (in terms of internally generated movements)
inability to execute skilled movements, despite having physical ability/desire to do them
inability to execute skilled movements, despite having physical ability/desire to do them
what is this term called and its assocaited with what association cortex
apraxia
(parietal)
difficulties with internally generated movements such as apraxia or ideomotor apraxia is assocaited with left or right parietal lesions
left
define ideomotor apraxia
inability to imitate an action on command
inability to imitate an action on command
what is the name of this term and its assocaited with what association cortex
ideomotor apraxia
(parietal)
what are some important areas/lobes in the temporal lobe
recognizing speech (wernickes(
auditory functions
olfaction and memory
recognizing speech is done by what area and in what lobe
wernieckes (temporeal)
producing speech is done by what area and in what lobe
brocas
(frontal)
damage to temporal lobe can lead to deficits in what
recognizing, identifying and naming stimulation (known as agnosia)
recognizing, identifying and naming stimulation (known as agnosia)
what association cortex damage
damage to temporal assocaition
true or false: agnosia is the inability to process sensory information
true
explain agnosia
inability to process sensory info
=leads to loss of ability in recogzing objects, sounds, shapes, smells EVEN THOUGH THE SPECIFIC SENSE IS NOT DEFECTIVE
what is the type of agnosia related to inability to recognize and identify faces
prosopagnosia
explain prosopagnosia
inability to recognize and identify faces
(damage to inferior temporal cortex)
prosopagnosia is due to damage to where
inferior temporal cortex
true or false: prosopagnosia is due to damage in the medial temporal cortex
false, inferior c
understand slide about face neurons and monky
explain HM hippocampus story
person had severe temporal lobe eppilepsy
doctors remove inferior temporal lobe (and hippocampus)
pt could no longer store new memories (could only remember pre established memories)
=motor learning was conserved
what are the 3 parts of the frontal lobe
motor cortex
premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex
origin of CS neurons is in what aspect of the frontal love
motor cortex
brocas area is in what aspect of frontal love
premotor area
a lesion to brocas means what
inabilities to produce speech
what are the 3 roles of the prefrontal cortex
tasks sequencing
choice of appropriate motor action
delayed motor tasks
(planning, desicrion making)
explain how they were able to create the homunculi
electrical stem of brain structures in awake patients
=verbal reports and motor observation allowed researches to localize brain functions
brocas area is assocaited to ischemic stroke of what artery
MCA
in a brocas lesion, comprehension and production of speech is affected, yes or no
no
comprehension is fine, however motor production of speech is not
explain how to the prefrontal cortex is involved in tasks sequences (switching)
lateral prefrontal cortex more active following events that violated repeating pattern
true or false: people with pre frontal cortex lesion are not able to switch/experience perseverance
true
they are unable to violate the repeating pattern
explain explain of monkeys with delayed motor taks
know the monkey delay test
=during the delay, monkey needed to recall information about food, location, sequence to use once the delay is over
neurons near the principal sulcus of the frontal lobe are most active during the delayed response tasks (shows that there is working memory and planning)
where are the neurons located for the delayed response task
neurons near the principal sulcus of the frontal lobe are most active during the delayed response tasks (shows that there is working memory and planning)
true or false: lesions to the prefrontal cortex will lead to changes in indivuduals character
true
explain how a lesion to the frontal assocaition cortex could present
diff in carrying complex behaviours
lack of social inhibition
person can be blunt, vulgar, irritable, impolite
inability to plan or complete a task with several steps
dramatic personality changes (flattening, risky behaviour, mood swings)
what is the function of the occipital lobe
visual perception
recognition of colours and form
true or false: there is laterizliaton of cortical functions and explain
true some functions are performed by one hemisphere and not the other
because of the lateralization of cortical functions, removal of tissue on one side CAN OR CANNOT compensate by training other hemi
cannot
cortical speech center is found on one side of the brain T or F
true
left handed people usually have speech on the same or opposite as right handed
opposite (usually its on the righr0
give 4 examples of lateralized cortical functions
1) language and speech limited mostly to left side
2)organize and use visuo-spatial info is better in right hemi
3) right hemi is better than left for facial recognition
4) left hemi manipulates local elements (details) while right recognizes global elements (whole)
true or false, language and speech is mostly limited to the right
false
the ability to organize and use visuo spatial info is better on right or left hemi
right
which hemisphere is better for facial recognition and why
right (because more specialized in global aspects)
the left hemisphere manipulates local or global elements
local
the right hemisphere manipulates local or global elements
global
