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cases for neurophysiology > local of higher brain function > Flashcards

local of higher brain function Flashcards

1
Q

how many broaden areas

A

52

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2
Q

explain broaden areas (general decsription

A

using a microscope, noticed patterns of nerve cells in brain (same areas have same patterns in every brain)

noticed that the cell type and thickness differed in diff parts

conclusion- structure must be related to function

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3
Q

what was the conclusion of broadmens

A

structure must be related to function

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4
Q

what is layer 1 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection

A

neurophil (cortico-cortical)

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5
Q

neurophil (cortico-cortical)

which layer

A

1

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6
Q

what is layer 2 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection

A

small pyramidal neurons (cortico-cortical)

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7
Q

small pyramidal neurons (cortico-cortical)

which layer

A

2

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8
Q

what is layer 3 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection

A

small pyramidal nueorns (interhemispheric)

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9
Q

small pyramidal nueorns (interhemispheric)

which layert

A

layer 3

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10
Q

what is layer 4 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection

A

stellate neurons that have locally ramifying axons

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11
Q

stellate neurons that have locally ramifying axons

which layer

A

4

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12
Q

which layer of cortical lamination has major thalamic inputs

A

4

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13
Q

what is layer 5 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection

A

larger pyramidal neurons that cause outputs for leaving cortex (ie going to subcortical structures)

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14
Q

larger pyramidal neurons that cause outputs for leaving cortex (ie going to subcortical structures)

which layer

A

5

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15
Q

what is layer 6 of the cortical lamination and explain its connection

A

some pyramidal neurons and other neurons that leave the cortex

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16
Q

some pyramidal neurons and other neurons that leave the cortex

which layer

A

6

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17
Q

association area allow simple or complex brain function and explain

A

complex
process sensory information from primary cortices

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18
Q

what are some examples of complex brain functions done by assocaition cortices

A

ability to have thoughts and feelings (emotions)
awareness of physical and social circumstances
use language to express thoguhts
store and access info (memory)
sleep and wake

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19
Q

true or false: we have many primary areas but few assocaition areas

A

false

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20
Q

know general areas of the primary cortices

A

motor = precentral
somato = post central
visual=occipital (calc)
auditory = sup temporal
gusta= insula
olf = pirifirom

(hypothalamus, thalamus and brainstem as well)

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21
Q

what are the 3 association cortices

A

partietal
temporal
frontal

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22
Q

what is the general function of the parietal association cortex

A

mediates attention

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23
Q

what is the general function of the temproal association cortex

A

identification of stimuli

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24
Q

what is the general function of the frontal association cortex

A

planning, decision making

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25
Q

mediates attention

which assocaition cortex

A

parietal

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26
Q

planning, decision making

which assocaition cortex

A

frontal

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27
Q

identification of stimuli

which assocaition cortex

A

temporal

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28
Q

what is cognition

A

integrated abilities from frontal, temporal and parietal lobes

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29
Q

true or false: there are some visual and auditory functions in the parietal lobe

A

true

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30
Q

what are the general functions of the parietal lobe in terms of integrating somatomotor info

A

1) exploration and use of objects (stereognosis)
2) visuomotor transformation
3) body image
=organization of body image and its spatial relation to the world for control of purposeful movements

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31
Q

attentive to body and environment done by parietal assocaition relies on what

A

frame of references anchored to location of objects and their relative dimensions

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32
Q

a lesion to right parietal ass causes what issue

A

left heminecglect (inability to attend to objects or body on the left)

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33
Q

define stereognosis

A

abilities to perceive and recognize the form of an object in the absence of visual information

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34
Q

true or false: a lesion to the parietal lobe will not affect a persons stereognosis

A

false, it will

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35
Q

mediating to extra personal space is coordinated by what part of the pratietal lobe

A

posterior parietal association fcortex

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36
Q

the posterior parietal assocaition cortex (inportant for extrapersonal space) receives input from where

A

primary somatosensory (3a, 3b 1)
anterior parietal lobe (broaden area 2)
visual and auditor systems
hippocampus

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37
Q

what is the function of the posterior parietal association cortex

A

= EXTRAPERSONAL SPACE

integrates sensory modalities to form spatial perception of objects in extrapersonal space

38
Q

if a person has a right lesion and has personal neglect syndrome, what are some of the behaviours the patient will exhibit

A

may not dress, undress, was the affected left side

will not draw left side of pictures

39
Q

explain why a right lesion will have more devastating deficits than a left lesion in terms of spatial attention

A

the right mediates attention to both right and left halves of body and space therefore a lesion here means complete loss (no compensatory capacity in the left to mediate body and extrapersonal attention)

40
Q

true or false: the left hemisphere (parietal lobe) mediates attention to the left only

A

false, to the right

41
Q

explain consequences of a right hemisphere lesion in terms of attention

A

there will be severe left neglect

=no compensatory capacity in the left side to mediate left sided attention (because left mediates attention to the right only)

42
Q

explain consequences of a left hemisphere lesion in terms of attention

A

minimal right neglect

=right hemisphere (in tact) can mediate for the deficits since it mediates attention to both sides)

43
Q

what is the definition of body image

A

sensation of our body configuration or posture

44
Q

define asomatognosia

A

lack of awareness or ownership of ones arm

45
Q

lack of awareness or ownership of ones arm

known as what

A

asomatognosia

46
Q

some patients with fronts-parietal lesions can have deficits in what

A

body image (inability to point to a named body part)
=neglecting opposite side of body)

47
Q

true or false: parietal assocaition mediates attention, recognition of body image and internally generated movements

A

true

48
Q

define apraxia (in terms of internally generated movements)

A

inability to execute skilled movements, despite having physical ability/desire to do them

49
Q

inability to execute skilled movements, despite having physical ability/desire to do them

what is this term called and its assocaited with what association cortex

A

apraxia
(parietal)

50
Q

difficulties with internally generated movements such as apraxia or ideomotor apraxia is assocaited with left or right parietal lesions

A

left

51
Q

define ideomotor apraxia

A

inability to imitate an action on command

52
Q

inability to imitate an action on command

what is the name of this term and its assocaited with what association cortex

A

ideomotor apraxia
(parietal)

53
Q

what are some important areas/lobes in the temporal lobe

A

recognizing speech (wernickes(
auditory functions
olfaction and memory

54
Q

recognizing speech is done by what area and in what lobe

A

wernieckes (temporeal)

55
Q

producing speech is done by what area and in what lobe

A

brocas
(frontal)

56
Q

damage to temporal lobe can lead to deficits in what

A

recognizing, identifying and naming stimulation (known as agnosia)

57
Q

recognizing, identifying and naming stimulation (known as agnosia)

what association cortex damage

A

damage to temporal assocaition

58
Q

true or false: agnosia is the inability to process sensory information

A

true

59
Q

explain agnosia

A

inability to process sensory info

=leads to loss of ability in recogzing objects, sounds, shapes, smells EVEN THOUGH THE SPECIFIC SENSE IS NOT DEFECTIVE

60
Q

what is the type of agnosia related to inability to recognize and identify faces

A

prosopagnosia

61
Q

explain prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize and identify faces
(damage to inferior temporal cortex)

62
Q

prosopagnosia is due to damage to where

A

inferior temporal cortex

63
Q

true or false: prosopagnosia is due to damage in the medial temporal cortex

A

false, inferior c

64
Q

understand slide about face neurons and monky

A
65
Q

explain HM hippocampus story

A

person had severe temporal lobe eppilepsy

doctors remove inferior temporal lobe (and hippocampus)

pt could no longer store new memories (could only remember pre established memories)

=motor learning was conserved

66
Q

what are the 3 parts of the frontal lobe

A

motor cortex
premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex

67
Q

origin of CS neurons is in what aspect of the frontal love

A

motor cortex

68
Q

brocas area is in what aspect of frontal love

A

premotor area

69
Q

a lesion to brocas means what

A

inabilities to produce speech

70
Q

what are the 3 roles of the prefrontal cortex

A

tasks sequencing
choice of appropriate motor action
delayed motor tasks

(planning, desicrion making)

71
Q

explain how they were able to create the homunculi

A

electrical stem of brain structures in awake patients

=verbal reports and motor observation allowed researches to localize brain functions

72
Q

brocas area is assocaited to ischemic stroke of what artery

A

MCA

73
Q

in a brocas lesion, comprehension and production of speech is affected, yes or no

A

no
comprehension is fine, however motor production of speech is not

74
Q

explain how to the prefrontal cortex is involved in tasks sequences (switching)

A

lateral prefrontal cortex more active following events that violated repeating pattern

75
Q

true or false: people with pre frontal cortex lesion are not able to switch/experience perseverance

A

true

they are unable to violate the repeating pattern

76
Q

explain explain of monkeys with delayed motor taks

A

know the monkey delay test

=during the delay, monkey needed to recall information about food, location, sequence to use once the delay is over

neurons near the principal sulcus of the frontal lobe are most active during the delayed response tasks (shows that there is working memory and planning)

77
Q

where are the neurons located for the delayed response task

A

neurons near the principal sulcus of the frontal lobe are most active during the delayed response tasks (shows that there is working memory and planning)

78
Q

true or false: lesions to the prefrontal cortex will lead to changes in indivuduals character

A

true

79
Q

explain how a lesion to the frontal assocaition cortex could present

A

diff in carrying complex behaviours
lack of social inhibition
person can be blunt, vulgar, irritable, impolite
inability to plan or complete a task with several steps
dramatic personality changes (flattening, risky behaviour, mood swings)

80
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

visual perception
recognition of colours and form

81
Q

true or false: there is laterizliaton of cortical functions and explain

A

true some functions are performed by one hemisphere and not the other

82
Q

because of the lateralization of cortical functions, removal of tissue on one side CAN OR CANNOT compensate by training other hemi

A

cannot

83
Q

cortical speech center is found on one side of the brain T or F

A

true

84
Q

left handed people usually have speech on the same or opposite as right handed

A

opposite (usually its on the righr0

85
Q

give 4 examples of lateralized cortical functions

A

1) language and speech limited mostly to left side
2)organize and use visuo-spatial info is better in right hemi

3) right hemi is better than left for facial recognition

4) left hemi manipulates local elements (details) while right recognizes global elements (whole)

86
Q

true or false, language and speech is mostly limited to the right

A

false

87
Q

the ability to organize and use visuo spatial info is better on right or left hemi

A

right

88
Q

which hemisphere is better for facial recognition and why

A

right (because more specialized in global aspects)

89
Q

the left hemisphere manipulates local or global elements

A

local

90
Q

the right hemisphere manipulates local or global elements

A

global

91
Q
A

cases for neurophysiology (14 decks)

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