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ANAT3008 LECTURES > WEEK 11/1 > BACK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 11/1 > BACK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

WHERE IS THE BACK REGION LOCATED

A
  • midline posterior to the trunk and neck
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2
Q

WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE IS THE BACK

A
  • composite structure containing vertebral column, spinal cord and meninges
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3
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column (VC)?

A

The VC provides support for the trunk, allows some movements of the trunk, and is modified to allow a more vertical posture and facilitate bipedal locomotion.

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4
Q

Which region of the VC is the most mobile?

A

The neck region is the most mobile region of the VC, which facilitates vision and hearing.

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5
Q

How does the vertebral column protect the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral column helps protect the spinal cord and forms part of the walls of the three trunk cavities.

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6
Q

What are the primary and secondary curvatures of the VC?

A

The primary curvatures are kyphotic and found in the thoracic and sacral regions, while the secondary curvatures are lordotic and found in the cervical and lumbar regions.

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7
Q

What is the function of individual vertebrae?

A

Individual vertebrae have specific functions, including force transfer, muscle attachment, protection of the spinal cord, and forming part of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic walls.

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8
Q

Can you name some surface markings of the vertebral column?

A

Some surface markings include the prominent spinous process of CV7, the scapula spine at TV3, the inferior angle of the scapula at TV7, the top of iliac crests at LV4, and the sacral impression-PIIS-SIJ at SV2.

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9
Q

TYPICAL VERTEBRAE

A
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10
Q

What are the components of a vertebra?

A

Body with upper and lower articular surfaces, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spine, superior and inferior articular processes and surfaces, vertebral foramen, superior and inferior vertebral notches.

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11
Q

What is the function of the vertebral foramina and vertebral notches?

A

The vertebral foramina collectively form the vertebral canal, which contains the spinal cord. The vertebral notches provide passageways for the spinal nerves through the intervertebral foramina.

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12
Q

How is force transferred through the vertebrae?

A

Force is primarily transferred through the body of the vertebrae, which increases in size from superior to inferior.

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13
Q

Where do muscles attach to the vertebrae?

A

Muscles attach to the spines, transverse process, lamina, and body of the vertebrae.

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14
Q

What structures protect the spinal cord in the vertebrae?

A

The body, lamina, and pedicles of the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

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15
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRAE

A
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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae.

A

Small body, bifid spine, foramen transversarium (transmits vertebral artery), articular process surfaces face superior/inferior. Atlas (CV1), no body, no spine, arches. Axis (CV2), dens.

17
Q

What are the characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Medium body, spines slope downward, articular process surfaces face posterior/anterior, additional articular surfaces on body and transverse processes for the ribs.

18
Q

How would you describe the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Large body, square horizontal spines, articular process surfaces face medial/lateral, except for the inferior process on LV5 which faces anteriorly.

19
Q

What are the features of the sacral vertebrae?

A

Fused bodies and processes, SV1 and SV2 large bodies, remaining become smaller, additional lateral articulation surfaces for the sacroiliac joint. Coccyx.

20
Q

How is the coccyx structured?

A

Fused.

21
Q

JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMB

A
  • ivdj
  • IVZJ
  • AAJ
  • AOJ
  • LSJ
  • SIJ
  • SCJ
22
Q

What are the key features of intervertebral disc joints (IVDJ)?

A

IVDJs are solid cartilaginous joints formed between vertebral bodies, consisting of intervertebral discs with three parts: central nucleus pulposus, peripheral annulus fibrosus, and endplates. The discs allow movement, absorb and dissipate force, and account for 25% of vertebral column height. The annulus is composed of fibrocartilage, while the nucleus pulposus acts to distribute force equally. The outer third of the annulus has a nerve and blood supply, while the inner parts rely on diffusion for nutrients.

23
Q

What are the key features of intervertebral zygapophyseal joints (IVZJ)?

A

synovial joints located between the superior and inferior articular processes.

Sensory innervation is provided by the medial branch of the posterior primary rami.

24
Q

What are the key features of the atlanto-axial joint (AAJ)?

A

located between the atlas and axis. It consists of two parts: the lateral AAJ between the articular processes and the medial AAJ between the dens and the anterior arch of the atlas.

It is a synovial joint and functions as a pivot joint.

25
Q

What are the key features of the atlanto-occipital joint (AOJ)?

A

The AOJ is located between the superior articular surface of the atlas and the condyles of the occipital bone. It is a synovial joint and functions as a hinge joint.

26
Q

What are the key features of the lumbosacral joint (LSJ)?

A

The LSJ is located between LV5 and the sacrum. It is a three-part joint with a large symphysis part, creating a lumbosacral angle of approximately 60 degrees. The zygapophyseal joints have anterior and posterior-facing articular processes, which stabilize the joint and limit forward slippage of LV5 on the sacrum

27
Q

What are the key features of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ)?

A

The SIJ is a partly fibrous and partly synovial joint that attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton. It is a large and stable joint.

28
Q

What are the key features of the sacrococcygeal joint (SCJ)?

A

The SCJ is located between the sacrum and the coccyx.

29
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
  • interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
30
Q

What is the name and function of the ligament that attaches anteriorly to the vertebral bodies and limits extension?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament. It limits extension.

31
Q

What is the name and function of the ligament that attaches posteriorly to the vertebral bodies and limits flexion?

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. It limits flexion.

32
Q

What is the name and function of the ligament that attaches to the lamina of the vertebrae, covers gaps between lamina, and limits flexion?

A

Ligamentum Flavum. It limits flexion.

33
Q

What are the names and function of the ligaments that attach to the spines, are relatively weak, and limit flexion?

A

Interspinous and Supraspinous Ligaments. They limit flexion

34
Q

What are the renamed ligaments in the region of the atlanto-occipital joint (AOJ) and the skull?

A

The anterior ligament becomes the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, the posterior ligament becomes the tectorial membrane, and the ligamentum flavum becomes the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane.

35
Q

What are the ligaments between the dens and the occipital bones called?

A

The ligaments between the dens and the occipital bones are the apical and alar ligaments.

36
Q

The ligaments between the dens and the occipital bones are the apical and alar ligaments.

A

The cruciform ligament, with its transverse part known as the transverse ligament of the atlas, attaches the atlas to the occiput and stabilizes the dens.

37
Q

What is the connective tissue band that attaches the spines of the vertebrae CV7 to CV2, the atlas, and the occipital bone, and separates the posterior neck muscles?

A

The ligamentum nuchae.

38
Q

What ligament attaches the transverse process of LV5 to the iliac crest?

A

ligamentum nuchae

ANAT3008 LECTURES (18 decks)

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