Week 1 Terminology Flashcards
Pharmacology
the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
Minimum Effective Concentration [MEC]
the minimum plasma concentration of a drug needed to produce the desired pharmacologic response
Bioavailability/Protein-Binding
refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation
First-Pass Effect
phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation
Blood Brain Barrier [BBB]
highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells
-prevents solutes in the circulating blood from non-selectively crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system
Therapeutic Action
intended effects of the drug
Adverse Reaction
nontherapeutic + unintended effects of the drug that occur at a therapeutic dose
- may be predictable, well known, or unpredictable
- range fr annoying, tolerable to life threatening
Allergic Reaction
most severe type of adverse rxn
-range fr itching + rash to anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis
exaggerated response of body’s immune system to a drug
- massive release of histamine+ other chem mediators into into body
- swelling of eyes, face, mouth, throat, difficulty breathing wheezing, rapid HR, low BP, cardiac arrest
Contraindication
some drugs that should not be prescribed to patient bc they have potential to cause serious life-threatening ADR
-may be contraindicated for use w certainpopulations, in combo w other drugs, or certain foods
Therapeutic Classification
refers to clinical indication of drug or therapeutic action
ex) analgesic, antibiotic, antihypertensive
Pharmacologic Classification
refers to:
1 mechanism of action [MOA]
2 physiologic effect [PE]
3 chemical structure [CS]
Chemical Name
scientific name based on the compound’s chemical structure
Generic Name
the official name a company gives a drug they developed
- not capitalized
ex) Tylenol is the brand name, acetaminophen is the generic
Trade [Brand] Name
the drug’s commercial or proprietary name
- capitalized + in parenthesis
- may vary depending on the company producing it
ex) Tylenol is the brand name, acetaminophen is the generic
Addiction
harmful behavior associated with substance abuse
-craving
Dependence
the body requires a specific dose of a particular drug, such as a prescription opioid1, in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms
7 Methods of Action of Drugs
1 stimulation 2 depression 3 irritation 4 replacement 5 cytotoxic 6 antimicrobial 7 mod of immune status
Tachyphylaxis
an acute, sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration; i.e. a rapid and short-term onset of drug tolerance
Additive Effect
when the combined effect of 2 drugs you give together is THE SAME as each drug you give alone in same doses
- 1+1=2
Synergistic Effect
when the effect of 1 drug is GREATER if you give it w another drug
- 1+1=3
Photosensitivity Reaction
adverse skin reaction induced by sun exposure in some patients taking particular medicines
Controlled Substance
medications that can cause physical and mental dependence, and have restrictions on how they can be filled and refilled
-regulated + classified by the DEA (Drug Enforcement Admin
Scheduled Drug Classification
Schedule 1-5.
1: most potential for drug abuse + dependance
5: lowest potential
Drugs to treat substance abuse disorder
Naltrexone (Vivitrol). Buprenorphine (Probuphine, Suboxone). Disulfiram (Antabuse). Acamprosate (Campral). Modafinil (Provigil). Mirtazapine (Remeron). Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban). Gabapentin (Neurontin). Vigabatrin (Sabril). Baclofen (Lioresal). Topiramate (Topamax).
Teratogenic drug classification
drugs/foods that a pregnant woman can ingest + can cross placenta into fetus
- can cause malformation of developing fetus
- CATEGORY D = possible risk
- CATEGORY X = relationship w fetal malformation
Phamacokinetics + 4 Components
effects of body on drugs 1 absorption 2 distribution 3 metabolism 4 excretion
Therapeutic Range / Index
concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect wo toxicity
Plasma HALF-LIFE of drug
amount of time it takes for 50% of blood concentration of drug to be eliminated fr body
Loading dose
an initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose
Maintenance dose
maintenance dose is the maintenance rate [mg/h] of drug administration equal to the rate of elimination at steady state
Toxicity
occurs when a client receives drugs in excessive dosages resulting in negative physiologic effects
-can also happen w impaired excretion or metabolism leads to a build up
Agonist
drugs that bind to receptors + precipitate a GREATER THAN TYPICAL response
Antagonist
drugs that bind to receptors + either BLOCK (noncompetitive) or precipitate a LESSER THAN TYPICAL response (competitive)
Antidote
a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning
Advantages + Disadvantages of Over the Counter Drugs
- enable people to relieve many annoying symptoms and to cure some diseases simply and without the cost of seeing a doctor
- busing OTC drugs can lead to health problems including memory loss, kidney failure, heart problems and death
Rights of Drug Administration
1 drug 2 patient 3 dosage 4 route 5 time 6 reason 7 assessment 8 documentation 9 response 10 to education 11 to refuse
Drug Administration Abbreviations
PO-oral Q- every AC- before meal PC- after meal PRN-as requested/needed
Medication Reconciliation
process of identifying the most accurate list of all medications that the patient is taking, including name, dosage, frequency, and route, by comparing the medical record to an external list of medications obtained from a patient, hospital, or other provider
Polypharmacy (causes + interventions)
the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single ailment or condition
Anticholinergic Effects
drugs that block the action of acetylcholine
- inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic/Muscarinic Effects
mimics the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors and causes cardiac slowing, contraction of smooth muscles (intestinal tract, bronchioles, detrusor muscle, urethra, and iris muscle), and increase secretion from exocrine glandular tissues
Nursing responsibilities w med admin
- 11 rights
- advocate
- assess
- document
Onset of Action of Drug
time it takes for a drug to demonstrate a therapeutic response
Peak of Medication Action
the point in time that the drug is at its highest level in the body
Herbal Medication + uses
+++use list in Linda McCuistion pg 38-40 + ATI book
