Week 1 Terminology

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.

Question 2

Minimum Effective Concentration [MEC]

Answer 2

the minimum plasma concentration of a drug needed to produce the desired pharmacologic response

Question 3

Bioavailability/Protein-Binding

Answer 3

refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation

Question 4

First-Pass Effect

Answer 4

phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation

Question 5

Blood Brain Barrier [BBB]

Answer 5

highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells
-prevents solutes in the circulating blood from non-selectively crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system

Question 6

Therapeutic Action

Answer 6

intended effects of the drug

Question 7

Adverse Reaction

Answer 7

nontherapeutic + unintended effects of the drug that occur at a therapeutic dose

• may be predictable, well known, or unpredictable
• range fr annoying, tolerable to life threatening

Question 8

Allergic Reaction

Answer 8

most severe type of adverse rxn

-range fr itching + rash to anaphylactic shock

Question 9

Anaphylaxis

Answer 9

exaggerated response of body’s immune system to a drug

• massive release of histamine+ other chem mediators into into body
• swelling of eyes, face, mouth, throat, difficulty breathing wheezing, rapid HR, low BP, cardiac arrest

Question 10

Contraindication

Answer 10

some drugs that should not be prescribed to patient bc they have potential to cause serious life-threatening ADR
-may be contraindicated for use w certainpopulations, in combo w other drugs, or certain foods

Question 11

Therapeutic Classification

Answer 11

refers to clinical indication of drug or therapeutic action

ex) analgesic, antibiotic, antihypertensive

Question 12

Pharmacologic Classification

Answer 12

refers to:
1 mechanism of action [MOA]
2 physiologic effect [PE]
3 chemical structure [CS]

Question 13

Chemical Name

Answer 13

scientific name based on the compound’s chemical structure

Question 14

Generic Name

Answer 14

the official name a company gives a drug they developed

• not capitalized
  ex) Tylenol is the brand name, acetaminophen is the generic

Question 15

Trade [Brand] Name

Answer 15

the drug’s commercial or proprietary name

• capitalized + in parenthesis
• may vary depending on the company producing it
  ex) Tylenol is the brand name, acetaminophen is the generic

Question 16

Addiction

Answer 16

harmful behavior associated with substance abuse

-craving

Question 17

Dependence

Answer 17

the body requires a specific dose of a particular drug, such as a prescription opioid1, in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms

Question 18

7 Methods of Action of Drugs

Answer 18

1 stimulation
2 depression
3 irritation
4 replacement
5 cytotoxic
6 antimicrobial
7 mod of immune status

Question 19

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 19

an acute, sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration; i.e. a rapid and short-term onset of drug tolerance

Question 20

Additive Effect

Answer 20

when the combined effect of 2 drugs you give together is THE SAME as each drug you give alone in same doses
- 1+1=2

Question 21

Synergistic Effect

Answer 21

when the effect of 1 drug is GREATER if you give it w another drug
- 1+1=3

Question 22

Photosensitivity Reaction

Answer 22

adverse skin reaction induced by sun exposure in some patients taking particular medicines

Question 23

Controlled Substance

Answer 23

medications that can cause physical and mental dependence, and have restrictions on how they can be filled and refilled
-regulated + classified by the DEA (Drug Enforcement Admin

Question 24

Scheduled Drug Classification

Answer 24

Schedule 1-5.

1: most potential for drug abuse + dependance
5: lowest potential

Question 25

Drugs to treat substance abuse disorder

Answer 25

``` Naltrexone (Vivitrol). Buprenorphine (Probuphine, Suboxone). Disulfiram (Antabuse). Acamprosate (Campral). Modafinil (Provigil). Mirtazapine (Remeron). Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban). Gabapentin (Neurontin). Vigabatrin (Sabril). Baclofen (Lioresal). Topiramate (Topamax). ```

Question 26

Teratogenic drug classification

Answer 26

drugs/foods that a pregnant woman can ingest + can cross placenta into fetus - can cause malformation of developing fetus - CATEGORY D = possible risk - CATEGORY X = relationship w fetal malformation

Question 27

Phamacokinetics + 4 Components

Answer 27

``` effects of body on drugs 1 absorption 2 distribution 3 metabolism 4 excretion ```

Question 28

Therapeutic Range / Index

Answer 28

concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect wo toxicity

Question 29

Plasma HALF-LIFE of drug

Answer 29

amount of time it takes for 50% of blood concentration of drug to be eliminated fr body

Question 30

Loading dose

Answer 30

an initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose

Question 31

Maintenance dose

Answer 31

maintenance dose is the maintenance rate [mg/h] of drug administration equal to the rate of elimination at steady state

Question 32

Toxicity

Answer 32

occurs when a client receives drugs in excessive dosages resulting in negative physiologic effects -can also happen w impaired excretion or metabolism leads to a build up

Question 33

Agonist

Answer 33

drugs that bind to receptors + precipitate a GREATER THAN TYPICAL response

Question 34

Antagonist

Answer 34

drugs that bind to receptors + either BLOCK (noncompetitive) or precipitate a LESSER THAN TYPICAL response (competitive)

Question 35

Antidote

Answer 35

a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning

Question 36

Advantages + Disadvantages of Over the Counter Drugs

Answer 36

- enable people to relieve many annoying symptoms and to cure some diseases simply and without the cost of seeing a doctor - busing OTC drugs can lead to health problems including memory loss, kidney failure, heart problems and death

Question 37

Rights of Drug Administration

Answer 37

``` 1 drug 2 patient 3 dosage 4 route 5 time 6 reason 7 assessment 8 documentation 9 response 10 to education 11 to refuse ```

Question 38

Drug Administration Abbreviations

Answer 38

``` PO-oral Q- every AC- before meal PC- after meal PRN-as requested/needed ```

Question 39

Medication Reconciliation

Answer 39

process of identifying the most accurate list of all medications that the patient is taking, including name, dosage, frequency, and route, by comparing the medical record to an external list of medications obtained from a patient, hospital, or other provider

Question 40

Polypharmacy (causes + interventions)

Answer 40

the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single ailment or condition

Question 41

Anticholinergic Effects

Answer 41

drugs that block the action of acetylcholine | - inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 42

Cholinergic/Muscarinic Effects

Answer 42

mimics the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors and causes cardiac slowing, contraction of smooth muscles (intestinal tract, bronchioles, detrusor muscle, urethra, and iris muscle), and increase secretion from exocrine glandular tissues

Question 43

Nursing responsibilities w med admin

Answer 43

- 11 rights - advocate - assess - document

Question 44

Onset of Action of Drug

Answer 44

time it takes for a drug to demonstrate a therapeutic response

Question 45

Peak of Medication Action

Answer 45

the point in time that the drug is at its highest level in the body

Question 46

Herbal Medication + uses

Answer 46

+++use list in Linda McCuistion pg 38-40 + ATI book