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HumBio 3A > Week 1 - from Pset > Flashcards

Week 1 - from Pset Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: The DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.

A

F - in eukaryotic organisms, the dna floats freely within the nucleus, which contains nucleoplasm, not cytoplasm. The nucleus is separated from the cell’s cytoplasm

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2
Q

True or False: The central dogma of molecular biology holds that RNA is transcribed into DNA which is then translated into proteins.

A

F - quite the contrary. The central dogma stats that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated into Amino Acid chains (polypeptide chains), also known as “proteins”. Reverse transcription via reverse transcriptase is present in retroviruses, and some non-retro viruses, and in certain retrotransposons, as well as telomeres, but not in most of our DNA or cells.

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3
Q

True or False: Enhancers bind to DNA at specific sequences to upregulate the expression of genes.

A

Enhancers are regions/sequences of DNA that attract and are bound to by activators, which then upregulate the expression of genes

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4
Q

What do enhancers do?

A

regions/sequences of DNA that attract and are bound to by activators, which upregulate the expression of genes

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5
Q

Are enhancers always in close proximity to the genes that they affect?

A

No, enhancers can be very far away, and still serve to activate certain genes as the cromatin folds upon itself

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6
Q

How do you determine valence electrons?

A

Counting the number of electrons in a valence (outer) shell.

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7
Q

what is a polypeptide bond?

A

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O).

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8
Q

is a peptide bond covalent?

A

yes!

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9
Q

The phosphoanhydride bonds between three phosphates in ATP are what types of bonds?

A

covalent

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10
Q

The glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose in lactose is what type of bond?

A

covalent

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11
Q

amphipathic

A

structure/molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

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12
Q

polar amino acids are ______

A

hydrophilic

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13
Q

nonpolar amino acids are______

A

hydrophobic

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14
Q

A phospholipid molecule consists of a ______ head and two _______ fatty acid tails. Because of their composition, phospholipids are considered _______ and will spontaneously form bilayers or micelles in water.

A

polar, non-polar, amphipathic

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15
Q

phospholipid _______

A

bilayer

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16
Q

3 parts of hydrophilic head of phospholipid molecule

A

polar group(choline), phosphate, glycerol

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17
Q

ATP stands for

A

adenoshine triphosphate

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18
Q

what is the basis for a van der Waals attraction

A

form of electrical attraction caused by fluctuating electric charges whenever two atoms are a vier short distance apart

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19
Q

3 functions of the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

A

receiving information (communication), import and export of molecules, cell growth and motility

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20
Q

most common phospholipid in most molecules

A

phosphatidylcholine

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21
Q

proteins account for ___ of the mass of most plasma membranes

A

50%

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22
Q

are transmembrane proteins hydrophobic?

A

they’re amphipathic

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23
Q

a polypeptide chain will usually cross the bilayer as what secondary structure?

A

Alpha helix

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24
Q

T/F - Energy from ATP is required to repair membrane tears.

A

False - membrane is self repairing/sealing

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25
Q

T/F? - The fluidity of a membrane does not depend on temperature, but it does depend on the structure of the hydrocarbon tails.

A

False - depends on temp and structure

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26
Q

T/F ? - Bilayers that contain a large proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails are more fluid than those with lower proportions.

A

False - the opposite is true. cholesterol adds rigidity and structure

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27
Q

T/F? - Phospholipids are more likely to move laterally within their monolayer than to flip to the other side of the bilayer.

A

T - they’re highly unlikely to flip, and are much more likely to re-arrange

28
Q

T/F? - The cell membrane allows for the internal and external cellular environments to accumulate different charges.

A

True

29
Q

3 Stages of cellular metabolism

A

1: Breakdown of large macromolecules to simple subunits. 2: Breakdown of simple subunits to Acetyl CoA, plus production of small amounts of ATP and NADH 3: Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to H2o and Co2, making large amounts of ATP in mitochondria

30
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

31
Q

ATP ____ energy in _____ to become ADP

A

loses , hydrolysis

32
Q

ADP goes through a ______________ reaction to become ATP

A

phosphorylation

33
Q

Because ATP loses energy while becoming ADP, it is energetically ________________

A

favorable

34
Q

ATP hydrolysis is _______ with non-favorable reactions

A

coupled

35
Q

Any reaction that involves the xfer of a phosphate group to a molecule is called a _______ reaction

A

phosphorylation

36
Q

phosphorylation is a ________ reaction

A

condensation

37
Q

Pi

A

inorganic phosphate

38
Q

ATP hydrolysis yields between ___ and ___kcal/mole of usable energy

A

11 and 13

39
Q

ADP + Pi =

A

ATP

40
Q

ADP + Pi to ATP is energetically_________

A

unfavorable

41
Q

ADP to ATP is a _______ reaction

A

condensation

42
Q

by itself, is ATP hydrolysis fast or slow

A

slow, it needs a catalyst to overcome the activation barrier

43
Q

T/F - our cells generate and store large amounts of ATP

A

False - it is continuously regenerated

44
Q

the opposite of a condensation reaction

A

hydrolysis

45
Q

heat is energy in its most ________ form

A

disordered

46
Q

oxidation

A

addition of oxygen atoms, removal of electrons

47
Q

reduction

A

addition of electons

48
Q

T/F - The products of ATP hydrolysis are more stable than the reactants because they possess a more positive Gibbs free energy

A

False, the delta G is negative in this reaction, as the conversion of ATP to ADP + Pi is favorable

49
Q

equation for delta G

A

G products - G reactants = delta G

50
Q

3 ways that an enzyme serves as a catalyst

A
  1. binding with two molecules and encouraging a reaction.
  2. Changing positive/negative charges which results in a reaction.
  3. bending or contorting a molecule into a state / structure that favors a reaction
51
Q

An active site in an enzyme includes the _________ and the __________

A

binding site and catalytic site

52
Q

an enzyme bonds with a ________

A

substrate

53
Q

allosteric regulation

A

regulation of protein by the binding of an “effector” to the allosteric site, which is NOT the active site

54
Q

T/F The binding of the regulatory ligand always decreases the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

A

False - this isn’t always the case. The regulatory ligand my increase or decrease the catalytic activity, operating as either activators or inhibitors.

55
Q

T/F - The regulatory ligand binds directly to the active site.

A

F - the regulatory ligands will bind to the allosteric, or regulatory site.

56
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

the cell cytoplasm

57
Q

which comes first, glycolysis or the citric acid cycle?

A

glycolysis

58
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

in mitochondria

59
Q

where is acetyl coa produced?

A

in mitochondria

60
Q

what is used to produce acetyl coa?

A

pyruvate

61
Q

put these in the correct order: citric acid cycle, pyruvate–> acetyl coa , glycolysis

A

glycolysis, pyruvate–>acetyl coa, citric acid cycle

62
Q

where does fermentation take place?

A

the cell’s cytoplasm

63
Q

T/F - Many citric acid cycle intermediates are also crucial in producing amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides.

A

True - it provides the building blocks for many important molecules

64
Q

T/F - The CO2 made from the CAC comes directly from O2.

A

F - the Co2 will occur in anaerobic conditions, as the CAC turns carbon atoms of the acetyl groups into Co2

65
Q

T/F - The common entry point for both sugars and fatty acids is acetyl CoA.

A

True

66
Q

What are the products of the CAC?

A

ATP (GTP), Co2,NADH,FADH2

67
Q

Does the CAC result in Pyruvate?

A

no

HumBio 3A (15 decks)

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