Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HumBio 3A > MidTerm 1 > Flashcards

MidTerm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

subunits of actin

A

G-actin monomerF-actin fibersArp2/3 - nucleating/branchformin - nucleating/head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if a reaction is reversible, it’s likely that delta G is _________

A

very small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do cells overcome the activation barrier for reactions?

A

a catalyst!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

can the delta G from two reactions be added together

A

yes! if they’re coupled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

does NADH have a higher affinity for electrons than O2?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do enzymes maintain specificity?

A

they have unique structures and binding sites for subsrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anion

A

+electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what downstream enzyme inhibits M-Cyclin

A

APC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what role does actin play in mitosis?

A

the contractile ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

can phosphorylation inhibit?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nucleating element of actin

A

formin and Arp2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

an irreversible reaction has a _____ delta G going backwards

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myosin walks on _______ in the ______ direction

A

actin , positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dynine purpose

A

motor protein, carries vesicles etc., cilia, flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does delta G predict?

A

possibility/spontanaeity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 ways an enzyme catalyzes (lowers activation barrier) of a substrate

A
  1. binds 2 substrates and orients2. binds and reorients electrons of 1 substrate3. binds and strains / conforms 1 substrate to favorable transition state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

formin adds subunits to the _____ end, and then filament extends to the ______ direction, and grows to the ______ direction

A

positive, negative, negative?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pH stands for ______

A

power of hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

intermediate filaments

A

laminsstructural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

types of cell energy

A

ATP, GTP, NADH, FADH2, pyruvate, acetyl coa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

4 major molecules in human body

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleaic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reversible reactions generally proceed in the direction of _________

A

lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a catalyst will ______ a reaction

A

speed up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Some enzymes require non-protein _________ for activity

A

cofactors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a molecule that resembles a substrate, and fills active/binding pocket without catalyzing a reaction is a __________

A

competitive inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

malonate _______ succinate hydrogenase by filling its active site and preventing the conversion of succinate to fumarate

A

inhibits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where does phospholipid synthesis take place?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in a normal resting states, humans use which process to re-generate the majority of their NAD +

A

ETC — > ATP and NAD+, FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the benefits of dynamic instability?

A

“search and capture” mode, where they explore until they find their destination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

examples of co-factors

A

vitamins etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

roles of actin

A

muscle fibersmicrovilliprojections (gut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

covalent bond

A

two atoms share electrons (valence electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

catalysis

A

speeding a reaction by lowering the activation barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ionic bond

A

electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions - result of transfer of electrons from one atom to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_______ is hard, _________ is easy

A

nucleation, elongation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

does delta G predict rate?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

intermediate filaments subunits

A

monomercoiled-coil dimerstaggered tetramertwo tetramers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

equal/balanced sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

two types of catalytic enzyme inhibition

A

allosteric (regulatory site binding) and competitive (active site binding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons, causing partial ionic charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

where does the CAC take place

A

the mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Enzymes can be _______ by molecules that resemble the substrate

A

inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

catabolism

A

energetically favorable reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

pH of 7 is _____

A

neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

H+ is purely____

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

substrates can bind through what bonds

A

ionic, hydrogen and covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

myosin power stroke steps

A
  1. myosin bound to actin2. ATP binds to myosin, myosin releases3. ATP hydrolyzed, myosin returns to resting position4. cross bridge forms, and myosin head binds to new position on actin5. P released, myosin heads change conformation, causing power stroke, filaments slide past eachother6. ADP release, and myosin remains bound to actin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

anabolism

A

energetically unfavorable reaction

50
Q

another name for H+

A

proton

51
Q

AC - ref GPCR

A

adenylyl cyclase

52
Q

a product is made from a ______

A

reactant

53
Q

providing ______ can be helpful for patients with methanol poisoning

A

ethanol

54
Q

does catalysis change delta G

A

no

55
Q

what’s an enzyme?

A

a highly specific catalyst

56
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

microtubule motor proteins and direction

A

dynine - negativekinesin - positive

58
Q

AP ref - RTK

A

adaptor protein

59
Q

APC (ref cell cycle )

A

anaphase promoting complex

60
Q

the lipid present in Wnt does what?

A

helps bind it to it’s origination cell

61
Q

roles of microtubules

A

mechanical supportcytoplasm organizationtransportmotility - digestionchromosomal segregation

62
Q

a kinase _____ a substrate

A

phosphorylates

63
Q

nucleating element of microtubules

A

G turc

64
Q

catabolism

A

glucose –> glycolysis or citric acid cycle

65
Q

what motor proteins make sperm swim?

A

dynein motor proteins

66
Q

is ATP stored?

A

no! it’s continuously generated

67
Q

RAP ref- rtk

A

ras activating protein

68
Q

subunits of microtubules

A

aB heterodimersG turccentrosomeGTP tubulinGDP tubulincap of GTP tubulin

69
Q

actin polarity (micro/macro)

A

polar/polar

70
Q

are carbons oxidized to C02 in the CAC

A

yes

71
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

they lower the activation energy of their substrate , catalyzing a reaction

72
Q

intermediate filament polarity (micro/macro)

A

polar/ non-polar

73
Q

types of bonds that determine protein and enzyme structure:

A

electrostatic attractionsvan der Waals attractionshydrogen bond

74
Q

can phosphorylation activate?

A

yes

75
Q

a reactant makes a ______

A

product

76
Q

3 activities powered by ATP hydrolysis

A

pumping/transportmovement/mechanicalbiosynthetic

77
Q

can the CAC occur in anaerobic conditions?

A

no, it indirectly requires O2

78
Q

cation

A

-electrons

79
Q

what role do microtubules play in mitosis?

A

chromosomal organization

80
Q

polar molecule

A

resulting from polar bonds, asymmetric electron sharing

81
Q

APC (ref - wnt)

A

adenomatous polyposis coli)

82
Q

what causes dynamic instability?

A

the GTP tubulin dimers hydrolyze into GDP, and lose stability

83
Q

the inhibition/degradation of securin leads to ______

A

anaphase

84
Q

two factors that determine the rate of a reaction

A

activation energy and concentration

85
Q

polar molecules are hydro_______

A

philic

86
Q

motif/scheme of signaling pathways

A
  1. signal reception - on receptor, in or out2. relay mechanism - pathway/cascade3. downstream effects - on effector, what happens?
87
Q

microtubule polarity (micro/macro)

A

polar/polar

88
Q

kinesin purpose

A

motor protein, axonal transport etc.

89
Q

A ______ helps cells overcome activation barriers

A

catalyst

90
Q

the hydrophobic portions of amino acids is typically found in/on the _________ of the conformation

A

inside

91
Q

APC ubiquitinates both ______ and _______

A

M-Cyclin, Securin

92
Q

sperm are made of _______ exoskeletal component

A

microtubules

93
Q

if you remove an electron from hydrogen, you get…

A

a proton

94
Q

non-polar molecules are hydro_______

A

phobic

95
Q

are enzymes and substrates bound by covalent bonds?

A

NO!

96
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules against the electrochemical gradient

97
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules down the electrochemical gradient

98
Q

channel protein

A

channel that facilitates transport without a major conformational change

99
Q

symport

A

two proteins moving through one

100
Q

opposite of channel protein

A

carrier or transporter protein

101
Q

is a uniport a channel or carrier?

A

can be both

102
Q

is a symport a channel or carrier?

A

carrier

103
Q

is a symport passive or active?

A

both, a symport will usually have one solute that’s moving down the electrochemical gradient, while another is moving up

104
Q

is an antiport passive or active?

A

both! An antiport will facilitate one molecule moving against the gradient, powered by one molecule moving down the gradiet

105
Q

is an antiport a channel or carrier

A

carrier

106
Q

Rab proteins

A

proteins on the cytoplasmic face of vesicle that provide the address code for interaction with correct target membrane

107
Q

Where is the V-snare?

A

on the vesicle

108
Q

where is the T- snare?

A

on the target membrane

109
Q

what docks to the Rab?

A

tethering proteins

110
Q

endocytosis

A

taking in of a vesicle

111
Q

exocytosis

A

exportation of vesicle

112
Q

dynamin

A

pinches off vesicle bud neck during exocytosis

113
Q

clathrin coat

A

coat of vesicle that buds off

114
Q

adaptin

A

barrier between clathrin coat and cargo receptor

115
Q

kinesin movement

A

huge conformational change, moves it’s back head forward/”forward step” / power stroke

116
Q

how does ATP affect myosin

A

it causes it to release

117
Q

M-Cyclin ________ MCdk

A

activates

118
Q

are the levels of MCdk in the cell variable

A

no

119
Q

are the levels of M-Cyclin in a cell variable

A

yes

120
Q

how does G protein stop the formation of cancer cells

A

G protein has inherent GTPAse activity. Can hydrolyze GTP–> GDP and become switched off, so it’s not constantly active.

HumBio 3A (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions