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HumBio 3A > MidTerm 2 > Flashcards

MidTerm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

roles of actin

A

muscle fibers
microvilli
projections (gut)

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2
Q

roles of microtubules

A 
mechanical support
cytoplasm organization
transport
motility - digestion
chromosomal segregation
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3
Q

intermediate filaments

A

lamins

structural

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4
Q

subunits of actin

A

G-actin monomer
F-actin fibers
Arp2/3 - nucleating/branch
formin - nucleating/head

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5
Q

subunits of microtubules

A 
aB heterodimers
G turc
centrosome
GTP tubulin
GDP tubulin
cap of GTP tubulin
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6
Q

_______ is hard, _________ is easy

A

nucleation, elongation

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7
Q

intermediate filaments subunits

A

monomer
coiled-coil dimer
staggered tetramer
two tetramers

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8
Q

intermediate filament polarity (micro/macro)

A

polar/ non-polar

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9
Q

microtubule polarity (micro/macro)

A

polar/polar

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10
Q

actin polarity (micro/macro)

A

polar/polar

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11
Q

nucleating element of microtubules

A

G turc

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12
Q

nucleating element of actin

A

formin and Arp2/3

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13
Q

myosin walks on _______ in the ______ direction

A

actin , positive

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14
Q

formin adds subunits to the _____ end, and then filament extends to the ______ direction, and grows to the ______ direction

A

positive, negative, negative?

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15
Q

what causes dynamic instability?

A

the GTP tubulin dimers hydrolyze into GDP, and lose stability

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16
Q

what are the benefits of dynamic instability?

A

“search and capture” mode, where they explore until they find their destination

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17
Q

microtubule motor proteins and direction

A

dynine - negative

kinesin - positive

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18
Q

dynine purpose

A

motor protein, carries vesicles etc., cilia, flagella

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19
Q

kinesin purpose

A

motor protein, axonal transport etc.

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20
Q

what role does actin play in mitosis?

A

the contractile ring

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21
Q

what role do microtubules play in mitosis?

A

chromosomal organization

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22
Q

myosin power stroke steps

A
  1. release - ATP binds
  2. reach - ATP hydrolysis
  3. bind - Pi released
  4. power stroke - ADP released
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23
Q

another name for H+

A

proton

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24
Q

if you remove an electron from hydrogen, you get…

A

a proton

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25
Q

H+ is purely____

A

acidic

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26
Q

pH stands for ______

A

power of hydrogen

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27
Q

pH of 7 is _____

A

neutral

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28
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

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29
Q

substrates can bind through what bonds

A

ionic, hydrogen and covalent

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30
Q

a catalyst will ______ a reaction

A

speed up

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31
Q

does catalysis change delta G

A

no

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32
Q

two factors that determine the rate of a reaction

A

activation energy and concentration

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33
Q

an irreversible reaction has a _____ delta G going backwards

A

positive

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34
Q

if a reaction is reversible, it’s likely that delta G is _________

A

very small

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35
Q

reversible reactions generally proceed in the direction of _________

A

lower concentration

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36
Q

Glycolysis input

A

glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

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37
Q

Glycolysis output

A

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

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38
Q

Glycolysis location

A

cytoplasm

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39
Q

Fermentation input

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

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40
Q

Fermentation output

A

2 lactate, 2 NAD+

41
Q

Fermentation location

A

cytoplasm

42
Q

CAC input

A

acetyl CoA / oxaloacetate, FAD, GDP, 3 NAD+

43
Q

CAC output

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 Co2

44
Q

CAC location

A

matrix

45
Q

ETC input

A

NADH, FADH2 (electrons)

46
Q

ETC output

A

ATP, NAD+, FAD

47
Q

ETC location

A

inner mito. membrane

48
Q

Glucose carbon number

A

6

49
Q

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate carbon number

A

6

50
Q

G3P carbon number

A

3

51
Q

1,3 BPG carbon number

A

3

52
Q

pyruvate carbon number

A

3

53
Q

acetyl CoA carbon number

A

2

54
Q

oxaloacetate carbon number

A

4

55
Q

citrate carbon number

A

6

56
Q

ketogenesis

A

starvation response, triggered by glucagon

57
Q

does ketogenesis make the blood acidic?

A

YES! it releases ketones, which are acidic

58
Q

3-phosphoglycerate number of carbons

A

3

59
Q

citrate carbon number

A

6

60
Q

to get G3P molecules we______

A

isomerize

61
Q

citrate is made from _____ + ______`

A

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate

62
Q

poly uria

A

excessive urination

63
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

64
Q

polyphagia

A

increased appetite

65
Q

are intermediate filaments polar

A

subunits yes, but not the macro

66
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (glucose) , making glucose 6-phosphate

67
Q

TGF Beta downstream and role in dev

A

influence gene expression as tf, stimulates cell growth

68
Q

WnT downstream and role in dev

A

gene expression as tf, cell-cell adhesion(bcat-cadherin), cell polarity (frizzled –> rho–>actin)

69
Q

Hh (hedgehog) downstream and role in dev

A

gene expression as tf, limb bud diff, floorplate formation of neural tube

70
Q

Nodal

A

TGF beta signal that is involved in left/right determination

71
Q

GPCR downstream and role in dev

A

ion channels in neurons, gene regulation through other proteins ex: odorants, adrenaline, glucagon

72
Q

what signal pathway does glucagon use?

A

GPCR (G protein)

73
Q

adrenaline pathway

A

GPCR

74
Q

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) downstream and role in dev

A

cell cycle control, changes in expression, ie insulin other mitogens

75
Q

is insulin a mitogen

A

yes

76
Q

name one mitogen

A

insulin

77
Q

Delta/Notch downstream and role in dev

A

cell differentiation around neurons, gene expression by tf, keeps adjacent cells from becoming neurons

78
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase

A

enzyme for ADP to ATP or reverse

79
Q

ATP synthhase

A

enzyme that generates ATP in the ETC from the proton electrochemical gradient. It acts like a hydraulic generator, spinning a wheel with the protons and generating ATP from ADP

80
Q

proteins destined for the plasma membrane have what kind of sequences?

A

“stop and/or start transfer” sequences

81
Q

If you tmp has its N terminus in the cytoplasm, does it have a signal sequence?

A

no

82
Q

Can you have two start/stop sequences in a row, in a tmp?

A

no

83
Q

proteins destined for the cytosol are translated by what kind of ribosomes?

A

free ribosomes

84
Q

proteins destined for a plasma membrane or for secreation are translated associated with what organelles?

A

ribosomes attached to the ER

85
Q

What directs the polypeptide and its associated ribosome to the ER membrane?

A

SRP (signal recognition particle) binds to the signal sequence on the polypeptide and directs proteins to the ER

86
Q

What is the cytochrome oxidase complex and what does it do?

A

3rd step in ETC, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Is an active transporter, moving protons into the inter membrane space against the electrochemical gradient

87
Q

How does cyanide break respiration?

A

Cianide inhibits the cytochrome oxidase complex in step 3 of ETC, which eventually inhibits NADH production in the CAC, halting the ETC and leading to a decrease in ATP production

88
Q

what binds the cells in cell-cell adhesion?

A

cadherin

89
Q

the protein from the WnT signal, beta-catenin, also activates _______, a molecule that provides cell-cell adhesion

A

cadherin

90
Q

cadherin

A

molecule that binds cells in cell-cell adhesion

91
Q

protease that cleaves notch

A

presinilin

92
Q

presinilin

A

protease that cleaves notch

93
Q

APP

A

alzheimers precursor protein

94
Q

how does presinilin lead to alzheimers

A

mutated presinilin cuts APP in the wrong spot, so it doesn’t degrade, and instead collects and forms amyloid plaques

95
Q

cadherin is involved in _______ junctions

A

desmosome

96
Q

Frizzled activates Rho and causes

A

cell polarization

97
Q

what causes cell polarization

A

Frizzled activates Rho

98
Q

what do APC and APC have in common?

A

they both degrade their target

99
Q

desmosome

A

connecting fibers between cells

HumBio 3A (15 decks)

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