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HumBio 3A > MidTerm Final Push 2 > Flashcards

MidTerm Final Push 2 Flashcards

1
Q

myosin power stroke steps

A
  1. release - ATP binds
  2. reach - ATP hydrolysis
  3. bind - Pi released
  4. power stroke - ADP released
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2
Q

Glycolysis input

A

glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

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3
Q

Glycolysis output

A

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

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4
Q

Glycolysis location

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

Fermentation input

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

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6
Q

Fermentation output

A

2 lactate, 2 NAD+

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7
Q

Fermentation location

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

CAC input

A

acetyl CoA / oxaloacetate, FAD, GDP, 3 NAD+

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9
Q

CAC output

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 Co2

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10
Q

CAC location

A

matrix

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11
Q

ETC input

A

NADH, FADH2 (electrons)

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12
Q

ETC output

A

ATP, NAD+, FAD

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13
Q

ETC location

A

inner mito. membrane

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14
Q

Glucose carbon number

A

6

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15
Q

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate carbon number

A

6

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16
Q

G3P carbon number

A

3

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17
Q

1,3 BPG carbon number

A

3

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18
Q

pyruvate carbon number

A

3

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19
Q

acetyl CoA carbon number

A

2

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20
Q

oxaloacetate carbon number

A

4

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21
Q

citrate carbon number

A

6

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22
Q

ketogenesis

A

starvation response, triggered by glucagon

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23
Q

does ketogenesis make the blood acidic?

A

YES! it releases ketones, which are acidic

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24
Q

3-phosphoglycerate number of carbons

A

3

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25
Q

citrate carbon number

A

6

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26
Q

to get G3P molecules we______

A

isomerize

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27
Q

citrate is made from _____ + ______`

A

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate

28
Q

poly uria

A

excessive urination

29
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

30
Q

polyphagia

A

increased appetite

31
Q

are intermediate filaments polar

A

subunits yes, but not the macro

32
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (glucose) , making glucose 6-phosphate

33
Q

TGF Beta downstream and role in dev

A

influence gene expression as tf, stimulates cell growth

34
Q

WnT downstream and role in dev

A

gene expression as tf, cell-cell adhesion(bcat-cadherin), cell polarity (frizzled –> rho–>actin)

35
Q

Hh (hedgehog) downstream and role in dev

A

gene expression as tf, limb bud diff, floorplate formation of neural tube

36
Q

Nodal

A

TGF beta signal that is involved in left/right determination

37
Q

GPCR downstream and role in dev

A

ion channels in neurons, gene regulation through other proteins ex: odorants, adrenaline, glucagon

38
Q

what signal pathway does glucagon use?

A

GPCR (G protein)

39
Q

adrenaline pathway

A

GPCR

40
Q

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) downstream and role in dev

A

cell cycle control, changes in expression, ie insulin other mitogens

41
Q

is insulin a mitogen

A

yes

42
Q

name one mitogen

A

insulin

43
Q

Delta/Notch downstream and role in dev

A

cell differentiation around neurons, gene expression by tf, keeps adjacent cells from becoming neurons

44
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase

A

enzyme for ADP to ATP or reverse

45
Q

ATP synthhase

A

enzyme that generates ATP in the ETC from the proton electrochemical gradient. It acts like a hydraulic generator, spinning a wheel with the protons and generating ATP from ADP

46
Q

proteins destined for the plasma membrane have what kind of sequences?

A

“stop and/or start transfer” sequences

47
Q

If you tmp has its N terminus in the cytoplasm, does it have a signal sequence?

A

no

48
Q

Can you have two start/stop sequences in a row, in a tmp?

A

no

49
Q

proteins destined for the cytosol are translated by what kind of ribosomes?

A

free ribosomes

50
Q

proteins destined for a plasma membrane or for secreation are translated associated with what organelles?

A

ribosomes attached to the ER

51
Q

What directs the polypeptide and its associated ribosome to the ER membrane?

A

SRP (signal recognition particle) binds to the signal sequence on the polypeptide and directs proteins to the ER

52
Q

What is the cytochrome oxidase complex and what does it do?

A

3rd step in ETC, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Is an active transporter, moving protons into the inter membrane space against the electrochemical gradient

53
Q

How does cyanide break respiration?

A

Cianide inhibits the cytochrome oxidase complex in step 3 of ETC, which eventually inhibits NADH production in the CAC, halting the ETC and leading to a decrease in ATP production

54
Q

what binds the cells in cell-cell adhesion?

A

cadherin

55
Q

the protein from the WnT signal, beta-catenin, also activates _______, a molecule that provides cell-cell adhesion

A

cadherin

56
Q

cadherin

A

molecule that binds cells in cell-cell adhesion

57
Q

protease that cleaves notch

A

presinilin

58
Q

presinilin

A

protease that cleaves notch

59
Q

APP

A

alzheimers precursor protein

60
Q

how does presinilin lead to alzheimers

A

mutated presinilin cuts APP in the wrong spot, so it doesn’t degrade, and instead collects and forms amyloid plaques

61
Q

cadherin is involved in _______ junctions

A

desmosome

62
Q

Frizzled activates Rho and causes

A

cell polarization

63
Q

what causes cell polarization

A

Frizzled activates Rho

64
Q

what do APC and APC have in common?

A

they both degrade their target

65
Q

desmosome

A

connecting fibers between cells

HumBio 3A (15 decks)

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