Water - EQ3 - 5.7 Flashcards
1
Q
There is a growing mismatch between water ………. & ……….
A
- supply
- demand
2
Q
Why is there a growing mimatch between water suppy & demand
A
- rapid population growth in areas wheer supply is limited
- deterioration in water quality
- uneven distribution of supplies,
- this created water scarcity / stress
3
Q
Define water stress
A
- when renewable water sources are between 1,000 & 1,700m^3 per capita
4
Q
What are the symptoms of water stress
A
- symptoms are widespread:
- frequent & serious restrictions on water use,
- growing tension & conflict between users with greater competition for supplies
- declining standards of reliabilit & service
- harvest failures
- food insecurity
5
Q
Define water scarcity
A
- when renewable water sources are low, between 1,000 & 500m^3 per capita
6
Q
What are the symptoms of water scarcity
A
- unsatisfied demand
- open tension & conflict between users
- competition
- insufficient flows to the natural environment
7
Q
Define absolute water scarcity
A
- renewable water resources are very low, less than 500m^3 per capita
- this situation leads to widespread resrictions on water use & rationing
8
Q
Define water insecurity
A
- this occurs when the economic, social & environmental criteria for water security are not, or only partially met
- people do not have enough quality water to sustain livelihoods
9
Q
Define water security
A
- the capacity of population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water
10
Q
What is adequate quantities of acceptable quality fo water demanded for
A
- sustainable livelihoods
- human wellbeing & socio-economic development
- ensuring protection against water borne pollution & water related disasters
- preserving ecosystems
- All of which must be done in a climate of peace & political stability
11
Q
Define water supply
A
- the amount of accessible freshwater, from precipitation, surface & groundwater use
12
Q
Define water demand
A
- the amount of water needed by people for consumption or activities like farming & industry
13
Q
What features make a country more able to balance water supply
A
- large catchemnt areas
- small populations
- e.g Russia & Canada
14
Q
Even within large countries, regions may experuence difficluties with….
A
- transferring water - the process of moving water from one location to another to meet a human need
- e.g China
15
Q
which countries have the lowest water supplies
A
- arid & semi-arid countries
- e.g Sudan & Saudi Arabia
16
Q
which countries have the largest water supplies
A
- tropical & temperate ones
- e.g Brazil & Ireland
17
Q
Which sort of countries struggle to find a balance within their water supply
A
- countries with large, dense or very urbanised populations
- e.g China, Bangladesh, Netherlands
18
Q
Where & why had demand risen most for water supply (industries)
A
- Due to population growth, & economic development
19
Q
Give examples of countries experiencing absolute water scarcity
A
- Saudi Arbia
- Algeria
- Syria
20
Q
Give examples of countries experiencing water scarcity
A
- Kenya
- Morocco
21
Q
Give examples of countries experiencing water stress
A
- East Africa
- India
22
Q
The USA has the ……… demand per person at over …… m^3 per capita
A
- highest
- 1500
23
Q
Why is there water insecurity with freshwater reserves
A
- The growing mismatch relates to the distribution of freshwater resreves availability) & the distribution of demand for the water
- These do not coincide & are inequitable, leading to water insecurity
24
Q
Fresh water is ……..
A
finite
25
What does it mean because freshwater is finite
* it is vital that there are safe & effective methods to utilise water sources well, to reduce the risks of insecurity to the rest of the world
26
What are 2 phsyical causes of water availability
* salt water encroachment
* climate variability
27
Where does salt water encroachment most often occur
* coastal areas
28
What is salt water encroachment
* where saltwaer from the oceans contaminate the freshwater supplies onland & groundwater supplies too
29
Under natural conditions, why is salt water encroachment a good thing for water availability
* the seaward movement of freshwater reduces salt water encroachment while salt water & groundwater remains fresh
30
Explain how salt water encroachment can negatively impact water availability/ insecurity from extractivism
* this is because extensive groundwater pumping from freshwater wells lowers the water table
* this allows salt water to move into soils & aquifers
31
Explain how salt water encroachment can negatively impact water availability/ insecurity from global sea level rise
* thermal expansion allows water move further inland
32
What leads to increased risks from saltwater encroachment
* global sea level rise & localised extraction leads to increased risks
33
Where is a country whose water availability is threatened by saltwater encroachment
* Samoa, Pacific Island
34
Describe how Samoa is under threat from saltwater encroachment
* crop production relies on freshwater supplies
* 35% is drawn from aquifers which are increasingly threatened
35
# Climate variability
The earth's different climate zones determine...
* how much annual precipitation occurs
36
# Climate variability
The rate of .......... & ......... can indicate how much freshwater is available
* evaporation
* transpiration
37
# Climate variability
Climatic events like ..... & ...... ........ impact the avaialbility fo freshwater available
* flooding
* droughts
* directly
38
# Climate variability
What can warm water encourage
* the growth of harmful bacteria
39
# Climate variability
What can affect water quality
sedimentation, nurtient enrichment (eutrophication) & thermal pollution can have negative impacts on ecosystems, human health & water system operating costs
40
Give 2 examples of climate variability affecting water supplies
* UK ---> weeter winters, but drier summers
* temperatures are so high that 1/5 of total water evaporates
41
Define overabstraction
* when more water is taken than is naturally prelenished by groundwater
42
sExplain how overasbtraction threatens global water availability
* strong income growth & rising living standards has led to sharp, unsustainable increases in water use,
* especially where supplies are scarce & vulnerable, or where distribution & cost is poorly managed
* these changing consumption pattenrs reduces local supplies, causing slatwater intrusion
43
Give an example of overabstraction threatening water availability
* Beijing's overexactivist past is causing subsidence
44
Give an example of overabstraction od lakes & rivers threatening water availability
* overexcraction of water from the Nile by Ethiopia is cereasing the avaialbility of water from Sudan or Egypt
45
# Water Contamination from Agriculture
Over ..... billion people live without sanitation
2.4
46
# Water Contamination from Agriculture
A .................... is one of the leading causes of water contamination
lack of sanitation
47
# Water Contamination from Agriculture
how does poor sanitation lead to polluted water by poor agro practises
* argriculture discharges large quantities of agrochemicals, organic matter, drug residues & sediment into water resources
48
# Water Contamination from Agriculture
Nearly all forms of ............... require some input of water as part of their production process
* nearly all forms of **energy** require some input of water as part of their production process
49
# Water Contamination from Agriculture
What is the knock on effect of human on water ecologicla system vitality
* rising population, food demand & agricultural pollution
* leads to icnreased nitrates from food production leads to eutrophictaion
* animal growth hormones move through animals, & are extreted or decomposed into water systems
50
# Water Contamination from Agriculture
Give an example
* Aral Sea -->150,000 tones of toxic chemicals contaminate the wtaer from cotton farming
51
# Industrial Water Pollution
Every year ........ of waste is discharhed by industry into the water system
* 300-400 megatonnes
52
# Industrial Water Pollution
Explain how this negatively affected water insecurity
* factory waste is discharged into water sources untreated due to lack of regulations & a failure to challenge industries
53
Give an example of industrial water pollution
* India, Upper Doab Region --> arsenic & magnese found in water --> cancer & bone deformation
54
How does climate change threaten water insecurity
* enahnced warming has accelerated sea level rise & salt encroachmenr, reducing water quality with bacterial growth in warmer waters
55
Explain the key presssure on finite resources
-population growth
* water is essential for everyone, but water use increases more rapidly than population
* each person requires 2L of clean drinking water daily to remain in good health
56
Explain the key presssure on finite resources
-better living standards
* As more countries emerge economically, theri populations gain more wealh so they consumer water more indirectly (food choice)
* & directly (washing machines)
* leading to an increase in per capita consumption domestically
57
Explain the key presssure on finite resources
-economic development --> ...% of global use, one of the fastest growing conumers is ........
70%
irrigation
58
How does diminishing supplies heighten water insecurity
* climate change
* deteriorating quality from pollution
* impact of competing users epstream vs downstream
59
How does competing demands heighten water insecurity
* upstream vs downstream
* HEP vs irrigation
* international issues
60
What do countries & regions at risk of water scarcity need
* accurate predictions
61
What is increasing demand for water
* globalisation
* economic development
* urbanisation
62
The UN predicts that by 2030, ...% of the world may experience a ...... ......
The UN predicts that by 2030, **40%** of the world may experience a **water deficit**
63
What are the predicted trends for water demand
* Globally, electricity, manufacturing & domestic expected to accelerate demand
* farming is declining ate but still makes up the largest share
64
Defien virtual water
* the amount of water used to produce a product or service
* icnluding the water consumed or polluted during production, processing or transport
