Water - EQ3 - 5.7 Flashcards

1
Q

There is a growing mismatch between water ………. & ……….

A
  • supply
  • demand
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2
Q

Why is there a growing mimatch between water suppy & demand

A
  • rapid population growth in areas wheer supply is limited
  • deterioration in water quality
  • uneven distribution of supplies,
  • this created water scarcity / stress
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3
Q

Define water stress

A
  • when renewable water sources are between 1,000 & 1,700m^3 per capita
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4
Q

What are the symptoms of water stress

A
  • symptoms are widespread:
  • frequent & serious restrictions on water use,
  • growing tension & conflict between users with greater competition for supplies
  • declining standards of reliabilit & service
  • harvest failures
  • food insecurity
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5
Q

Define water scarcity

A
  • when renewable water sources are low, between 1,000 & 500m^3 per capita
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of water scarcity

A
  • unsatisfied demand
  • open tension & conflict between users
  • competition
  • insufficient flows to the natural environment
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7
Q

Define absolute water scarcity

A
  • renewable water resources are very low, less than 500m^3 per capita
  • this situation leads to widespread resrictions on water use & rationing
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8
Q

Define water insecurity

A
  • this occurs when the economic, social & environmental criteria for water security are not, or only partially met
  • people do not have enough quality water to sustain livelihoods
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9
Q

Define water security

A
  • the capacity of population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water
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10
Q

What is adequate quantities of acceptable quality fo water demanded for

A
  • sustainable livelihoods
  • human wellbeing & socio-economic development
  • ensuring protection against water borne pollution & water related disasters
  • preserving ecosystems
  • All of which must be done in a climate of peace & political stability
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11
Q

Define water supply

A
  • the amount of accessible freshwater, from precipitation, surface & groundwater use
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12
Q

Define water demand

A
  • the amount of water needed by people for consumption or activities like farming & industry
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13
Q

What features make a country more able to balance water supply

A
  • large catchemnt areas
  • small populations
  • e.g Russia & Canada
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14
Q

Even within large countries, regions may experuence difficluties with….

A
  • transferring water - the process of moving water from one location to another to meet a human need
  • e.g China
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15
Q

which countries have the lowest water supplies

A
  • arid & semi-arid countries
  • e.g Sudan & Saudi Arabia
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16
Q

which countries have the largest water supplies

A
  • tropical & temperate ones
  • e.g Brazil & Ireland
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17
Q

Which sort of countries struggle to find a balance within their water supply

A
  • countries with large, dense or very urbanised populations
  • e.g China, Bangladesh, Netherlands
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18
Q

Where & why had demand risen most for water supply (industries)

A
  • Due to population growth, & economic development
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19
Q

Give examples of countries experiencing absolute water scarcity

A
  • Saudi Arbia
  • Algeria
  • Syria
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20
Q

Give examples of countries experiencing water scarcity

A
  • Kenya
  • Morocco
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21
Q

Give examples of countries experiencing water stress

A
  • East Africa
  • India
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22
Q

The USA has the ……… demand per person at over …… m^3 per capita

A
  • highest
  • 1500
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23
Q

Why is there water insecurity with freshwater reserves

A
  • The growing mismatch relates to the distribution of freshwater resreves availability) & the distribution of demand for the water
  • These do not coincide & are inequitable, leading to water insecurity
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24
Q

Fresh water is ……..

A

finite

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25
What does it mean because freshwater is finite
* it is vital that there are safe & effective methods to utilise water sources well, to reduce the risks of insecurity to the rest of the world
26
What are 2 phsyical causes of water availability
* salt water encroachment * climate variability
27
Where does salt water encroachment most often occur
* coastal areas
28
What is salt water encroachment
* where saltwaer from the oceans contaminate the freshwater supplies onland & groundwater supplies too
29
Under natural conditions, why is salt water encroachment a good thing for water availability
* the seaward movement of freshwater reduces salt water encroachment while salt water & groundwater remains fresh
30
Explain how salt water encroachment can negatively impact water availability/ insecurity from extractivism
* this is because extensive groundwater pumping from freshwater wells lowers the water table * this allows salt water to move into soils & aquifers
31
Explain how salt water encroachment can negatively impact water availability/ insecurity from global sea level rise
* thermal expansion allows water move further inland
32
What leads to increased risks from saltwater encroachment
* global sea level rise & localised extraction leads to increased risks
33
Where is a country whose water availability is threatened by saltwater encroachment
* Samoa, Pacific Island
34
Describe how Samoa is under threat from saltwater encroachment
* crop production relies on freshwater supplies * 35% is drawn from aquifers which are increasingly threatened
35
# Climate variability The earth's different climate zones determine...
* how much annual precipitation occurs
36
# Climate variability The rate of .......... & ......... can indicate how much freshwater is available
* evaporation * transpiration
37
# Climate variability Climatic events like ..... & ...... ........ impact the avaialbility fo freshwater available
* flooding * droughts * directly
38
# Climate variability What can warm water encourage
* the growth of harmful bacteria
39
# Climate variability What can affect water quality
sedimentation, nurtient enrichment (eutrophication) & thermal pollution can have negative impacts on ecosystems, human health & water system operating costs
40
Give 2 examples of climate variability affecting water supplies
* UK ---> weeter winters, but drier summers * temperatures are so high that 1/5 of total water evaporates
41
Define overabstraction
* when more water is taken than is naturally prelenished by groundwater
42
sExplain how overasbtraction threatens global water availability
* strong income growth & rising living standards has led to sharp, unsustainable increases in water use, * especially where supplies are scarce & vulnerable, or where distribution & cost is poorly managed * these changing consumption pattenrs reduces local supplies, causing slatwater intrusion
43
Give an example of overabstraction threatening water availability
* Beijing's overexactivist past is causing subsidence
44
Give an example of overabstraction od lakes & rivers threatening water availability
* overexcraction of water from the Nile by Ethiopia is cereasing the avaialbility of water from Sudan or Egypt
45
# Water Contamination from Agriculture Over ..... billion people live without sanitation
2.4
46
# Water Contamination from Agriculture A .................... is one of the leading causes of water contamination
lack of sanitation
47
# Water Contamination from Agriculture how does poor sanitation lead to polluted water by poor agro practises
* argriculture discharges large quantities of agrochemicals, organic matter, drug residues & sediment into water resources
48
# Water Contamination from Agriculture Nearly all forms of ............... require some input of water as part of their production process
* nearly all forms of **energy** require some input of water as part of their production process
49
# Water Contamination from Agriculture What is the knock on effect of human on water ecologicla system vitality
* rising population, food demand & agricultural pollution * leads to icnreased nitrates from food production leads to eutrophictaion * animal growth hormones move through animals, & are extreted or decomposed into water systems
50
# Water Contamination from Agriculture Give an example
* Aral Sea -->150,000 tones of toxic chemicals contaminate the wtaer from cotton farming
51
# Industrial Water Pollution Every year ........ of waste is discharhed by industry into the water system
* 300-400 megatonnes
52
# Industrial Water Pollution Explain how this negatively affected water insecurity
* factory waste is discharged into water sources untreated due to lack of regulations & a failure to challenge industries
53
Give an example of industrial water pollution
* India, Upper Doab Region --> arsenic & magnese found in water --> cancer & bone deformation
54
How does climate change threaten water insecurity
* enahnced warming has accelerated sea level rise & salt encroachmenr, reducing water quality with bacterial growth in warmer waters
55
Explain the key presssure on finite resources -population growth
* water is essential for everyone, but water use increases more rapidly than population * each person requires 2L of clean drinking water daily to remain in good health
56
Explain the key presssure on finite resources -better living standards
* As more countries emerge economically, theri populations gain more wealh so they consumer water more indirectly (food choice) * & directly (washing machines) * leading to an increase in per capita consumption domestically
57
Explain the key presssure on finite resources -economic development --> ...% of global use, one of the fastest growing conumers is ........
70% irrigation
58
How does diminishing supplies heighten water insecurity
* climate change * deteriorating quality from pollution * impact of competing users epstream vs downstream
59
How does competing demands heighten water insecurity
* upstream vs downstream * HEP vs irrigation * international issues
60
What do countries & regions at risk of water scarcity need
* accurate predictions
61
What is increasing demand for water
* globalisation * economic development * urbanisation
62
The UN predicts that by 2030, ...% of the world may experience a ...... ......
The UN predicts that by 2030, **40%** of the world may experience a **water deficit**
63
What are the predicted trends for water demand
* Globally, electricity, manufacturing & domestic expected to accelerate demand * farming is declining ate but still makes up the largest share
64
Defien virtual water
* the amount of water used to produce a product or service * icnluding the water consumed or polluted during production, processing or transport