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Geography - Physical - Paper 1 > Water - EQ3 - 5.7 > Flashcards

Water - EQ3 - 5.7 Flashcards

1
Q

There is a growing mismatch between water ………. & ……….

A
  • supply
  • demand
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2
Q

Why is there a growing mimatch between water suppy & demand

A
  • rapid population growth in areas wheer supply is limited
  • deterioration in water quality
  • uneven distribution of supplies,
  • this created water scarcity / stress
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3
Q

Define water stress

A
  • when renewable water sources are between 1,000 & 1,700m^3 per capita
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4
Q

What are the symptoms of water stress

A
  • symptoms are widespread:
  • frequent & serious restrictions on water use,
  • growing tension & conflict between users with greater competition for supplies
  • declining standards of reliabilit & service
  • harvest failures
  • food insecurity
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5
Q

Define water scarcity

A
  • when renewable water sources are low, between 1,000 & 5000m^3 per capita
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of water scarcity

A
  • unsatisfied demand
  • open tension & conflict between users
  • competition
  • insufficient flows to the natural environment
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7
Q

Define absolute water scarcity

A
  • renewable water resources are very low, less than 500m^3 per capita
  • this situation leads to widespread resrictions on water use & rationing
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8
Q

Define water insecurity

A
  • this occurs when the economic, social & environmental criteria for water security are not, or only partially met
  • people do not have enough quality water to sustain livelihoods
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9
Q

Define water security

A
  • the capacity of population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water
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10
Q

What is adequate quantities of acceptable quality fo water demanded for

A
  • sustainable livelihoods
  • human wellbeing & socio-economic development
  • ensuring protection against water borne pollution & water related disasters
  • preserving ecosystems
  • All of which must be done in a climate of peace & political stability
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11
Q

Define water supply

A
  • the amount of accessible freshwater, from precipitation, surface & groundwater use
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12
Q

Define water demand

A
  • the amount of water needed by people for consumption or activities like farming & industry
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13
Q

What features make a country more able to balance water supply

A
  • large catchemnt areas
  • small populations
  • e.g Russia & Canada
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14
Q

Even within large countries, regions may experuence difficluties without….

A
  • transferring water - the process of moving water from one location to another to meet a human need
  • e.g China
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15
Q

which countries have the largest water supplies

A
  • arid & semi-arid countries
  • e.g Sudan & Saudi Arabia
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16
Q

which countries have the largest water supplies

A
  • tropical & temperate ones
  • e.g Brazil & Ireland
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17
Q

Which sort of countries struggle to find a balance within their water supply

A
  • countries with large, dense or very urbanised populations
  • e.g China, Bangladesh, Netherlands
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18
Q

Where & why had demand risen most for water supply (industries)

A
  • Due to population growth, & economic development
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19
Q

Give examples of countries experiencing absolute water scarcity

A
  • Saudi Arbia
  • Algeria
  • Syria
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20
Q

Give examples of countries experiencing water scarcity

A
  • Kenya
  • Morocco
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21
Q

Give examples of countries experiencing water stress

A
  • East Africa
  • India
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22
Q

The USA has the ……… demand per person at over …… m^3 per capita

A
  • highest
  • 1500
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23
Q

Why is there water insecurity with freshwater reserves

A
  • The growing mismatch relates to the distribution of freshwater resreves availability) & the distribution of demand for the water
  • These do not coincide & are inequitable, leading to water insecurity
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24
Q

Fresh water is ……..

A

finite

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25
Q

What does it mean because freshwater is finite

A
  • it is vital that there are safe & effective methods to utilise water sources well, to reduce the risks of insecurity to the rest of the world
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26
Q

What are 2 phsyical causes of water availability

A
  • salt water encroachment
  • climate variability
27
Q

Where does salt water encroachment most often occur

A
  • coastal areas
28
Q

What is salt water encroachment

A
  • where saltwaer from the oceans contaminate the freshwater supplies onland & groundwater supplies too
29
Q

Under natural conditions, why is salt water encroachment a good thing for water availability

A
  • the seaward movement of freshwater reduces salt water encroachment while salt water & groundwater remains fresh
30
Q

Explain how salt water encroachment can negatively impact water availability/ insecurity from extractivism

A
  • this is because extensive groundwater pumping from freshwater wells lowers the water table
  • this allows salt water to move into soils & aquifers
31
Q

Explain how salt water encroachment can negatively impact water availability/ insecurity from global sea level rise

A
  • thermal expansion allows water move further inland
32
Q

What leads to increased risks from saltwater encroachment

A
  • global sea level rise & localised extraction leads to increased risks
33
Q

Where is a country whose water availability is threatened by saltwater encroachment

A
  • Samoa, Pacific Island
34
Q

Describe how Samoa is under threat from saltwater encroachment

A
  • crop production relies on freshwater supplies
  • 35% is drawn from aquifers which are increasingly threatened
35
Q

Climate variability

The earth’s different climate zones determine…

A
  • how much annual precipitation occurs
36
Q

Climate variability

The rate of ………. & ……… can indicate how much freshwater is available

A
  • evaporation
  • transpiration
37
Q

Climate variability

Climatic events like ….. & …… …….. impact the avaialbility fo freshwater available

A
  • flooding
  • droughts
  • directly
38
Q

Climate variability

What can warm water encourage

A
  • the growth of harmful bacteria
39
Q

Climate variability

What can affect water quality

A

sedimentation, nurtient enrichment (eutrophication) & thermal pollution can have negative impacts on ecosystems, human health & water system operating costs

40
Q

Give 2 examples of climate variability affecting water supplies

A
  • UK —> weeter winters, but drier summers
  • temperatures are so high that 1/5 of total water evaporates
41
Q

Define overabstraction

A
  • when more water is taken than is naturally prelenished by groundwater
42
Q

sExplain how overasbtraction threatens global water availability

A
  • strong income growth & rising living standards has led to sharp, unsustainable increases in water use,
  • especially where supplies are scarce & vulnerable, or where distribution & cost is poorly managed
  • these changing consumption pattenrs reduces local supplies, causing slatwater intrusion
43
Q

Give an example of overabstraction threatening water availability

A
  • Beijing’s overexactivist past is causing subsidence
44
Q

Give an example of overabstraction od lakes & rivers threatening water availability

A
  • overexcraction of water from the Nile by Ethiopia is cereasing the avaialbility of water from Sudan or Egypt
45
Q

Water Contamination from Agriculture

Over ….. billion people live without sanitation

A

2.4

46
Q

Water Contamination from Agriculture

A ……………….. is one of the leading causes of water contamination

A

lack of sanitation

47
Q

Water Contamination from Agriculture

how does poor sanitation lead to polluted water by poor agro practises

A
  • argriculture discharges large quantities of agrochemicals, organic matter, drug residues & sediment into water resources
48
Q

Water Contamination from Agriculture

Nearly all forms of …………… require some input of water as part of their production process

A
  • nearly all forms of energy require some input of water as part of their production process
49
Q

Water Contamination from Agriculture

What is the knock on effect of human on water ecologicla system vitality

A
  • rising population, food demand & agricultural pollution
  • leads to icnreased nitrates from food production leads to eutrophictaion
  • animal growth hormones move through animals, & are extreted or decomposed into water systems
50
Q

Water Contamination from Agriculture

Give an example

A
  • Aral Sea –>150,000 tones of toxic chemicals contaminate the wtaer from cotton farming
51
Q

Industrial Water Pollution

Every year …….. of waste is discharhed by industry into the water system

A
  • 300-400 megatonnes
52
Q

Industrial Water Pollution

Explain how this negatively affected water insecurity

A
  • factory waste is discharged into water sources untreated due to lack of regulations & a failure to challenge industries
53
Q

Give an example of industrial water pollution

A
  • India, Upper Doab Region –> arsenic & magnese found in water –> cancer & bone deformation
54
Q

How does climate change threaten water insecurity

A
  • enahnced warming has accelerated sea level rise & salt encroachmenr, reducing water quality with bacterial growth in warmer waters
55
Q

Explain the key presssure on finite resources
-population growth

A
  • water is essential for everyone, but water use increases more rapidly than population
  • each person requires 2L of clean drinking water daily to remain in good health
56
Q

Explain the key presssure on finite resources
-better living standards

A
  • As more countries emerge economically, theri populations gain more wealh so they consumer water more indirectly (food choice)
  • & directly (washing machines)
  • leading to an increase in per capita consumption domestically
57
Q

Explain the key presssure on finite resources
-economic development –> …% of global use, one of the fastest growing conumers is ……..

A

70%
irrigation

58
Q

How does diminishing supplies heighten water insecurity

A
  • climate change
  • deteriorating quality from pollution
  • impact of competing users epstream vs downstream
59
Q

How does competing demands heighten water insecurity

A
  • upstream vs downstream
  • HEP vs irrigation
  • international issues
60
Q

What do countries & regions at risk of water scarcity need

A
  • accurate predictions
61
Q

What is increasing demand for water

A
  • globalisation
  • economic development
  • urbanisation
62
Q

The UN predicts that by 2030, …% of the world may experience a …… ……

A

The UN predicts that by 2030, 40% of the world may experience a water deficit

63
Q

What are the predicted trends for water demand

A
  • Globally, electricity, manufacturing & domestic expected to accelerate demand
  • farming is declining ate but still makes up the largest share
64
Q

Defien virtual water

A
  • the amount of water used to produce a product or service
  • icnluding the water consumed or polluted during production, processing or transport

Geography - Physical - Paper 1 (16 decks)

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