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Geography - Physical - Paper 1 > Water - EQ2 - 5.6 > Flashcards

Water - EQ2 - 5.6 Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the hydrological cycle are changing with climate chage

A
  • many processes (precipitation & evaporation),
  • flows (inputs & outputs)
  • & stores
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2
Q

Define climate change

A
  • refers to the large-scale, long-term shift in the planet’s weather patterns & average temperatures,
  • since the 1800s, humans have contributed to the release of CO^2 & other GHGs into the atmosphere,
  • causing global temperature rise & long-term changes
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3
Q

What precisely will be increased vs decreased due to climate change in the hydrological cycle

A
  • cc will reduce inputs
  • reduce stores
  • but may increase outputs
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4
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs

List the different inputs & outputs that are impacted by CC

A
  • precipitation
  • evapo-transpiration
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5
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

The …. of precipitation may be more important than the ….. in determining the impacts

A
  • mode
  • amount
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6
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

A warmer atmosphere has a greater ….. –> for every 1 degrees celcius, 7% higher atmospheric retention of water

A

water holding capacity

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7
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

For every 1 degrees celcius, …% higher atmospheric retention of water

A

7%

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8
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

For every 1 degrees celcius, 7% higher atmospheric retention of water —> therefore, widespread increases in …… & …….. are anticipated

A
  • rainfall intensity
  • frequency
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9
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

Which areas will be most affected by an increase in precipitation

A
  • tropics & high latitudes
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10
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

Which areas will be most affected by an decrease in precipitation

A

10 - 30 degrees N & S of the Equator

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11
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

How will rising temps affect precipitation

A
  • length & frequency of heatwaves increasing
  • icnreasing occurences of drought & water scarcity
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12
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - precipitation

snowfall is more likely to be replaced with ….. in …… regions, reducing …..

A
  • rain
  • Northern regions
  • glacial mass
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13
Q

CC impact on stores - soil moisture

Rises in precipittation leads to ….. in soil moisture & …. ….

A
  • rises
  • vice versa
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14
Q

CC impact onstores - soil moisture

What is the overall impact of CC on soil moisture

A
  • uncertain as many factors contribute soil moisture levels & climate as just one factor
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15
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - evapotranspiration

Evaporation over large areas of …………………. appears to be …………

A
  • Asia & North America
  • increasing
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16
Q

CC impact on inputs & outputs - evapotranspiration

Transpiration is linked to ………….. changes, which in turn are linked to changes in …………………..

A

transpiration is linked to vegetation changes, which in turn are linked to changes in soil moisture and precipitation

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17
Q

CC impact on stores & flows

List the different stores & flows impacted by CC

A
  • surface runoff & streamflow
  • groundwater flow
  • reservoir, lake & wetland storage
  • soil moisture
  • permafrost
  • snow
  • glacier ice
  • oceans
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18
Q

CC impact on stores & flows

It is expected that CC will …… stores & ….. flows

A
  • reduce stores
  • increase flows
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19
Q

CC impact on stores & flows

There is more …. needed to be done to establish …… CC & the hydological cycle

A
  • research
  • a definite link between
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20
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - surface runoff & streamflow

What is the impact on extreme flows

A
  • More low flows (droughts) and high flows (floods)
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21
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - surface runoff & streamflow

Impact on surface runoff?

A

Increased runoff and reduced infiltration

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22
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - surface runoff & streamflow

A … degree celcius rise in temperatures could increase surface run off by ….%

A
  • 1 degree celcius
  • 40%
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23
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - groundwater flow

What is the impact on ground water flow

A
  • abstraction of water makes impact uncertain
  • aquifers depleted through overasbtraction but alos low flow events not reharging store
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24
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - reservoir, lake & wetland storage

What is the impact on reservoir, lake & wetland storage

A
  • changes cannot be conclusively linked to CC
  • it appears that storage is decreasing as temperatures increase
  • regional variations in lakes 7 reser
25
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - soil moisture

what is the impact on soil moisture

A
  • possibly little change, with higher precipitation & evaporating cancelling eachother out
  • where precipitation is increasing it is likely soil moisture will rise
26
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - permafrost

What is leading to permafrost degredation

A
  • Changes in physical climate at high altitude, primarily icnreasing air & ocean temperatures are leading to permfrost degredation
27
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - permafrost

This ……… of the …………… layer is releasing more ………

A

This deepening of the active layer is releasing more groundwater

28
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - permafrost

……… released from ……….. lakes may be accelerating change, increasing the …………… effect in a ………. feedback loop

A

Methane released from thawed lakes may be accelerating change, increasing the greenhouse effect in a positive feedback loop

29
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - snow

what is the impact

A
  • Decreasing length of snow-cover season
  • Spring melt starting earlier –> economic impact - tourism revenue
  • A decreasing temporary store
30
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - glacier ice

What strong evidence is there since the 1970s

A
  • glacier retreat and thinning
31
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - glacier ice

Why would there be less glacial ice

A
  • glacier retreat and thinning
32
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - glacier ice

What does less accumulation because more precipitation is falling as rain mean for glacier ice

A

A decreasing store & negative mass balance

33
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - oceans

More data on ………… needed

A
  • surface temperatures
34
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - oceans

possibility of increases in ……….. & rise in frequency & intensity of ………..

A
  • evaporation
  • tropical cyclones
35
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - oceans

……. capacity being increased by ……..

A

Storage capacity being increased by meltwater

36
Q

CC impact on stores & flows - oceans

Rising ….. level

A

sea

37
Q

What is the IPCC’s predictions for global warming in the next 20 years

A
  • global average temps could exceed 1.5 degrees
  • artic is melting quicker than expected
  • increased wildfires
38
Q

Why is it difficult to predict water scarcity

A
  • uncertainty arises because modern scientfic research is unable to make confident predictions about water scarcty
  • which is especially difficult in areas with short & long term climate changes
39
Q

Even if scientists were able to make preditions about water scarcity, there are other ….. to account for

A

unknowns

40
Q

Even if scientists were able to make preditions about water scarcity, there are other unknowns to account for, such as…

A
  • possible advances in water technology
  • population rise
  • global development rise
41
Q

What are 2 unpredictable things which lack research

A
  • climate change & enso effects impact on draiange basins & water cycles
42
Q

By 2025, ….. people could be facing water scarcity

A

1.5 billion

43
Q

Exemplify how climate change affects on the hydrological cycle can be genralised, but affects would vary globally

A
  • Northern Hemisphere - boreal & tundra climates wetter
  • Whereas, much of the world will be drier, esepcially where there are mediteranean climates
44
Q

It is necessary to distinguish between ….. climate change impacts & the …… of ENSO cycle

A
  • longterm
  • short term oscillations
45
Q

Why is it so difficult to distinguish between enso cycles & climate change

A
  • ENSO cycles result in both extreme flooding & drought in different parts of the world simultaneously
46
Q

Some world regions are affected by climate change every ……. or …… by changes in atmospheric circulation, one of which is ENSO

A

Some world regions are affected by climate change every decade or less by changes in atmospheric circulation, one of which is ENSO

47
Q

Some world regions are affected by climate change every decade or less by changes in ……………….., one of which is ………………

A

Some world regions are affected by climate change every decade or less by changes in atmospheric circulation, one of which is ENSO

48
Q

Where does ENSO create uncertainty in water supplies

A
  • Oceania
  • South East Asia
  • the Americas
49
Q

When does Southern USA feel water secuirty from La Nino

A
  • October to April
50
Q

When does North East USA feel water insecurity from El Nino

A
  • December to March
51
Q

Southern USA experiences water security during….

A

El Nino

53
Q

North East USA experiences water security during….

A

La Nina

54
Q

What is a greater cocnern than ENSO cycles (arguably)

A
  • the potential impat of short-term climate changes (regardless of ENSO cycles) on global water supplies
55
Q

What would increase the frequency of ENSO cycles

A
  • if land & sea surface temperatures continue to rise, then it is possible ENSO cycles could become more frequent rather than every 2-3 years
56
Q

Explain the factors leading to diminishing water supply & increased long-term uncertainty
-SA & Australia climates

A
  • more periodic, unusual climates
  • would lead to unreliable rainfall patterns of rainfall
  • & failure of monsoons impacting tropical climates
57
Q

Explain the factors leading to diminishing water supply & increased long-term uncertainty
-increased temperatures

A
  • increased evaporation from surface water & reservoirs
  • lowers water levels
  • & increases risk of waterborne diseases & cholera
58
Q

Explain the factors leading to diminishing water supply & increased long-term uncertainty
-evapotranspiration

A
  • increased evapotranspiration
  • desiccation of tree stores
59
Q

Define desiccation

A
  • the process of wet soil drying out and losing moisture to the surrounding environment, which can eventually cause the ground to crack
60
Q

Explain the factors leading to diminishing water supply & increased long-term uncertainty
-snowfall

A
  • lower snowfall & glacial melt
  • threatens inidigenous communitys located in mountain civilisations

Geography - Physical - Paper 1 (16 decks)

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