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Geography - Physical - Paper 1 > Water - EQ2 - > Flashcards

Water - EQ2 - Flashcards

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1
Q

Define drought

A
  • an extended period (a season, year or several) of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical multi year average for a region
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2
Q

An im…… of ….&…. of water can have serious implications for the hydrological cycle

A
  • imbalance
  • inputs & outputs
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3
Q

A ….. (more commonly known as a drought) refers to when input is less than output

A
  • deficit
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4
Q

What are the 5 key types of drought

A
  • socio-economic
  • agricultural
  • meteorlogical
  • hydrological
  • ecological
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5
Q

Define meteorlogical drought

A
  • a shortfall or deficiency of water over an extended period, usually at least a season
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6
Q

What are the features of meteorlogical drought

A
  • Rainfall deficit
  • Low precipitation
  • High temperatures
  • Strong winds
  • Increased solar radiation
  • Reduced snow cover
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7
Q

What are some explicit impacts of meteorlogical drought

A
  • Loss of soil moisture
  • Irrigation supply drops
  • Reduction in water available for consumption
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8
Q

Causes of meteorlogical drought

  • Droughts can range from …………..&……….precipitation deficits to longer-term trends that are part of …………………
A
  • Droughts can range from** short-term and localised** precipitation deficits to longer-term trends that are part of climate change
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9
Q

Causes of meteorlogical drought

  • Research suggests that …………………………… are an important causal factor in short-term precipitation deficits
A
  • Research suggests that sea surface temperature anomalies are an important causal factor in short-term precipitation deficits.
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10
Q

Causes of meteorlogical drought

  • The physical causes of drought are only ………. understood
  • They lie somewhere in the complex interactions between ……. , ……. , …….. , …… & ……, which produces the climates of the globe
A
  • The physical causes of drought are only partially understood.
  • They lie somewhere in the complex interactions between atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, biosphere and the land, which produces the climates of the globe.
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11
Q

Meterological drought is a ….. deficit

A

rainfall

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12
Q

Agriclutural drought is a ……. deficit

A

soil moisture

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13
Q

Hydrological drought is a …… deficit

A

stream flow

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14
Q

socio-economic drought is a……… defict

A

food

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15
Q

Define hydrological drought

A
  • low water supply in our irvers, lakes, aquifers, & other reservoirs that often follows meteorlogical drought
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16
Q

Define agricultural drought

A
  • drought when a water shortage significantly damages or destroys agricultural crops
17
Q

Define socio-economic drought

A
  • dought refers to when a water shortage affects the supply & demand of drought commodities
  • e.g water food, grains & fish
18
Q

Define ecological drought

A
  • the most recently defined type of drought
  • refers to the widespread ecological damage caused by the lack of soil moisture
19
Q

What are the features of hydrological drought

A
  • Reduced infiltration
  • Low soil moisture
  • Little percolation and groundwater recharge
20
Q

What are the features of agricultural drought

A
  • Low evapotranspiration
  • Reduced biomass
  • Fall in groundwater level
21
Q

What are the features of socio-economic drought

A
  • Loss of vegetation
  • Increased risk of wildfires
  • Soil erosion
  • desertification
22
Q

What are the impacts of hydrological drought

A
  • Reduced storage in lakes and reservoirs
  • Less water for urban supply
  • Poorer water quality
  • Threats to wetlands and habitats
23
Q

What are the impacts of agricultural drought

A
  • Poor yields from rainfed crops
  • Failing irrigation systems
  • Livestock productivity falls
  • Rural industries affected
  • Government aid may be required
24
Q

What are the impacts of socio-economic drought

A
  • Widespread failure of agricultural systems
  • Food shortages
  • Rural economy collapses
  • Rural to urban migration International aid required
  • Humanitarian crisis
25
Q

Water is ……. distributed …. across the globe

A
  • spatially
  • unevenly
26
Q

…% of the world’s population live in areas which only have access to …% of the world’s annual rainfall

A

66% of the world’s population live in areas which only have access to 25% of the world’s annual rainfall

27
Q

…..% of the worl’d land area has some level of drought exposure

A

38%

28
Q

Causes of meteorological drought

Explain how global atmospheric circulation can cause meteorological drought

A
  • Heat is greatest at the equator due to the concentration of the sun’s energy
  • This causes air to rise at the equator (the driving force of the whole model)
  • This air then cools and condenses creating rain (hence tropical rainforests)
  • Air cools and sinks at around 30 degrees N and S of the equator creating subtropical high-pressure belts
  • As air is sinking no clouds form and so these areas are dry (worlds major deserts)
29
Q

Causes of meteorolgical drought

What is the ITCZ

A
  • The Intertropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ,
  • is a band of low pressure around the Earth which generally lies near to the equator
  • The trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres come together here, which leads to the development of frequent thunderstorms and heavy rain
30
Q

Causes of meteorolgical drought

What is the impact of season shifts in the ITCZ

A
  • Seasonal shifts in the location of the ITCZ drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations,
  • resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics
  • rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes
  • Longer term changes in the ITCZ can result in severe droughts or flooding in nearby areas
31
Q

Causes of meteorolgical drought

  • Longer term changes in the ITCZ can result in……
A
  • Longer term changes in the ITCZ can result in severe droughts or flooding in nearby areas

Geography - Physical - Paper 1 (13 decks)

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