Coasts - EQ4 - How can coastlines be managed to meet the needs of all players? Flashcards
economic impacts of coastal flooding can include…
loss of property in the form of homes, businesses & farmland
economic impacts of coastal flooding are ………….. to quantify
relatively easy
Economic burdens tend to fall on ……………, but there is still a considerable burden for …………………………….
governments & NGOs
individuals & families
In the UK, the government does not ………………. to people who lose their homes to coastal erosion
provide compensation
In developing countries, poverty means that rebuilding homes may….
cost people a large proportion of their income
what is meant by a social cost of coastal flooding
- social cost are those that directly affect people themselves
- such as losing a family member
- or having to relocate temporarily or permanently
Social costs are difficult to …..
quantify
define amenity value
- the value in cultural, human well-being & economic terms of an attractive environment people enjoy using
give examples of economic loses and loses in amenity value if areas become unattractive & depopulated
e.g abandoned buildings, damaged roads, rerouted footpaths, loss of access to beach
what is a climate change refugee
- someone seeking safety in another country due to natural processes
- including sudden ones such as landslides
- or gradual ones such as erosion or rising sea levels
- can be across borders, or within a country
Give an example of internal climate change refugees in the Philippines
- For example, between 2008 and 2013
- the Philippines had the 3rd largest number of internally displaced people due to natural hazards
- with their displacements totalling 6.8 million people in 2013
Name 2 examples of countries with climate change refugees
Kiribati & Tuvalu
Why are sea levels rising in Tuvalu
isostatic change means their island is sinking
Tuvalu is the first nation ever to face…
total annihilation in 20-30 years
Tuvalu’s population of ……… will need to be …….
11,000
relocated
Describe the social impacts of isostatic sea level rise
- water resources contaminated by seawater
- food crops (subsistence farming) being destroyed
Geopolitics means that Tuvalu isn’t…
being internationally recognised or prioritised
More than ….. of Australia’s coasts are vulnerable to erosion & retreat due to sea level rise
1/2
Economic impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
cost of property threatened
- a 1m sea level rise will expose more than US$162 billion,
- in industrial, commercial, transport & infrastructure ,
- to coastal flooding & erosion
Economic impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
knock on effect impacts
- every minor increase in sea level can have major impacts
- e.g a 0.2m rise in sea level = damages of $1.4billion
Economic impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
defences
expenditure on beach nourishment could increase by as such as $39billion a year
Economic impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
tourism
tourism industry employs 8% of the workforce & utilises the sandy beaches on the Gold Coast which could be eroded
Social impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
amenities
- amenity value lost
- e.g the Great Barrier Reef’s destruction, will decline tourism, and then less investment
Environmental impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
groundwater
-groundwater supplies may be contaminated by salt intrusion
Environmental impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
ecosystems
sea level rise will also push seawater further up estuaries, affecting natural ecosystems like freshwater habitats
Environmental impacts of coastal flooding in Australia
coral
- coral reefs may be unable to grow fast enough to keep up with sea level rise
- those more than 50m deep will die
Explain a cause of coastal flooding in the Philippines
sea level rise
- the rate of sea level rise is around 5.8mm a year
- which is higher than the global average
- because the Pacific Oceans’ currents & trade winds move water towards the islands
Explain a cause of coastal flooding in the Philippines
population
- Many coastal communities & cities in the Philippines have growing populations,
- which pollute & over-exploit mangroves, coral & sea grass
- which greatly reduces their ability to protect the backshore from sea level rise
Economic Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
predicted losses of ………….. a year without adaptation costs
$6.5 billion
Economic Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
fishing industry
- Due to high unemployment, alternative jobs to fishing are difficult to find,
- so when sea levels rise, & fishing becomes more difficult,
- there will be an estimated welfare loss to local communities of $186 per year
Economic Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
coastal defences
riprap costs up to $21,000 to implement in each location
Economic Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
property losses of …….
$2.5 million
Social Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
submergence of cities
- parts of the urban areas around Manila, would be flooded by 2100
- affecting 2.3 million people
Social Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
By 2100, ….. buildings will be lost & ………… of beach
300
123,000
Social Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
amenity
amenity loses of schools, churches & beach
Environmental Impacts of coastal flooding in the Philippines
mangroves, coral & sea grass have all been polluted & overexploited
What are the 4 coastal management strategies
- No active intervention
- managed retreat/ realignment
- hold the line
- advance the line
Explain the coastal management strategy –> No active intervention
- allows natural processes to takeover, so the coast erodes landwards or floods
- no investment in defending against flooding or erosion, whther or not coastal defences have existed previously
Explain the coastal management strategy –> Managed realignment
- allows the coastline to move naturally (in most cases to recede)
- but managing the procwaa to direct it in certain areas
Explain the coastal management strategy –> hold the line
- requires the construction of a range of coastal engingeering solutions
- so that the position of the shoreline remains the same overtime
Explain the coastal management strategy –> Advance the line
- builds new coastal defences on the seaward side of the existing coastline
- usually involves land reclaimation
Synopsis of hard engineering techniques
-characteristics
- high tech
- high cost
- man-made solutions
Synopsis of hard engineering techniques
-relation with nature
they directly work against nature to reduce erosion
Synopsis of hard engineering techniques
-sustainability
-sustainability is a key issue, despite their initial signs of success
Synopsis of soft engineering techniques
-characteristics
- low tech
- low cost
- less effective than hard engineering
Synopsis of soft engineering techniques
-relation with nature
solutions working with nature to reduce erosion
Synopsis of soft engineering techniques
-sustainability
more sustainable as they consider the environment
Before a coastal management project is given the go ahead, a ___________________ is carried out
cost-benefit analysis
what takes place in a cost-benefit analysis
costs are forecast & then compared with the expected benefits
what are the two types of costs & benefits
tangible & intangible
what is a tangible cost/benefit
where costs & benefits are known & can be given a £ value
what is an intangible cost/benefit
where costs may be difficult to assess but are important (e.g the visual impact of the coast)
Name 6 hard engineering technqiues
- groynes
- sea walls
- rip-rap
- revetements
- offshore breakwaters
- gabions
Name 5 soft engineering techniques
- beach nourishment
- cliff regrading
- cliff drainage
- dune stabilisation
- managed retreat
hard engineering
what are groynes
- commonly wooden walls on a beach at right angles to the coast, to slow down LSD movement
hard engineering
groynes may be……or….., depending on,…..
Groynes may be open or closed depending on, how much beach sediment engineers wish to trap
hard engineering
what do groynes aim to do
- to make a beach wider & higher
- so that waves expend their wave energy on it rather than on the backshore
hard engineering
what are the advantages of groynes
- maintain the size of a beach
- enhance the beach for recreational activity
hard engineering
what are the disadvantages of groynes
- expensive (about £1000 per linear m)
- may be barrier to free movement along a beach
- unsightly
- can cause terminal groyne syndrome
hard engineering
sea walls often…
- appear in different shapes parallel to the backshore