Tectonic Processes & Hazards - Case Studies - Japan, China & Haiti - Governance & Natural Disasters of Earthquakes

Question 1

Why is comparing impacts between countries difficult

Answer 1

both the physical nature of the event and the socio-economic profiles of affected places are different

Question 2

……………………….. in developed and emerging economies are, in some cases, enormous

Answer 2

economic costs

Question 3

deaths in developed countries are ….., except for the….

Answer 3

deaths in developed countries are low, except for the 2011 Japanese tsunami (a very rare megadisaster)

Question 4

……………………. impacts are small compared with those of ……………..

Answer 4

volcanic eruption impacts are small compared with those of earthquakes and tsunami

Question 5

Why are major death tolls from tectonic hazards rare in developed countries
-advanced…

Answer 5

• advanced and widespread insurance, allowing people to recover from disasters (at least in the long term)

Question 6

Why are major death tolls from tectonic hazards rare in developed countries
-government-run….

Answer 6

• government-run preparations such as Japan’s Disaster Prevention Day on 1st September each year, as well as public education about risk, coping, response and evacuation.

Question 7

Why are major death tolls from tectonic hazards rare in developed countries
-sophisticated

Answer 7

• sophisticated monitoring of volcanoes and, where possible, defences such as tsunami walls

Question 8

Why are major death tolls from tectonic hazards rare in developed countries
-regulated

Answer 8

• regulated local planning systems,
• which use land-use zoning and building codes
• to ensure buildings can withstand hazards
• and are not located in areas of unacceptable risk

Question 9

Developed country case study?

Answer 9

Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Question 10

How many people died in the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 10

15, 853 deaths

Question 11

How many people got injured in the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 11

6,023

Question 12

How many people became homeless in the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 12

130,927 people homeless

Question 13

How many buildings destroyed in the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 13

300,000

Question 14

Economic cost of the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 14

US$235 billion

Question 15

Signficant impact on population health from the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsunami

Answer 15

• Despite early warning systems, Japan failed to take into account the impact of a tsunami on a nuclear power plant
• -the plant had been built to withstand a tsunami - this caused the Fukushima event –> radiation leaks

Question 16

What is the GDP per capita of Japan in 2023

Answer 16

• GDP per capita: US$36,990 (2023)

Question 17

What was the magnitude of the Japan 2011

Answer 17

9

Question 18

Emerging country case study?

Answer 18

China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Question 19

How many people died in the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 19

Deaths: 69,195 (5,335 children)

Question 20

How many people became homeless in the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 20

5 million people homeless

Question 21

What was the cost of the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 21

US$125.6 bilion

Question 22

HDI of China?

Answer 22

0.73

Question 23

What is the GDP per capita of China in 2023

Answer 23

• 12,614.06

Question 24

What was the magnitude of the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 24

9

Question 25

What caused the majority of deaths in China's earthquake

Answer 25

- The earthquake triggered landslides that led to a quarter of the earthquake-related deaths.

Question 26

Where did most deaths take place in the China earthquake

Answer 26

- The earthquake's location meant the damage was concentrated to rural areas not densely populated cities.

Question 27

How many people died in the Haiti (2010 earthquake)

Answer 27

222,576 deaths

Question 28

How many people became homeless in the Haiti (2010 earthquake)

Answer 28

1.3million

Question 29

Economic cost of the Haiti (2010 earthquake)

Answer 29

US$14 billion

Question 30

Signficant impact on population health from the Haiti (2010 earthquake)

Answer 30

* By 2015 80,000 people still living in temporary housing camps.

Question 31

What is the GDP per capita of Haiti in 2023

Answer 31

* GDP per capita: US$1,219 (2023)

Question 32

What was the magnitude of the Haiti (2010 earthquake)

Answer 32

7

Question 33

What physical planning and preparation was in place before the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 33

- 75% of buildings were designed with earthquakes in mind. - 10m high sea wall built.

Question 34

What educative planning and preparation was in place before the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 34

- Warning systems - text messages sent/appears on TV. - Education e.g. earthquake drills on Sept 1st and nursery rhymes.

Question 35

What were the positive short term responses to the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 35

- Within 24 hours, 110,000 troops were mobilised - All TV channels immediately switch to EQ coverage - Government quickly allowed search and rescue teams from other countries

Question 36

What was a negative impact of the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 36

* Despite early warning systems, Japan failed to take into account the impact of a tsunami on a nuclear power plant * - the plant had been built to withstand a tsunami - this caused the Fukushima event

Question 37

What were the long-term responses to the Japan (2011) earthquake/tsnuami

Answer 37

- NGOs set up programmes e.g. supporting health and upbringing of children in Fukushima - Bank of Japan offered 185 million dollars to other banks so they could keep operating - Government put 25.2 trillion into a 5-year intensive period of building

Question 38

What were the planning and preparations made before the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 38

- Very few earthquake proof buildings. Poorly built schools. - Lack of education and emergency kits. - Corrupt government officials often ignored building codes and accepted bribes to allow builders to take shortcuts.

Question 39

What were the short term responses to the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 39

* International assistance requested. Red Cross Society of China distributed 150,000 tents, also lots of quilts and clothing. * Within hours, 130,000 soldiers (80,000) and relief workers were sent to affected areas.

Question 40

What were the short term responses to the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 40

* International assistance requested. Red Cross Society of China distributed 150,000 tents, also lots of quilts and clothing. * Within hours, 130,000 soldiers (80,000) and relief workers were sent to affected areas.

Question 41

what caused such high deaths in China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 41

- The earthquake triggered landslides that led to a quarter of the earthquake-related deaths

Question 42

What was magaged signficantly and where in the China ((Sichuan 2008 Earthquake)

Answer 42

- Economic losses in China were high, reflecting its development progress since 1990, as it destroyed formal homes, businesses and infrastructure. - The earthquake's location meant the damage was concentrated to rural areas not densely populated cities.

Question 43

How did the government respond to the China (Sichuan 2008 earthquake)

Answer 43

- The immediate response was rapid because the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games were only months away, so the Communist government mobilised the army and other responders rapidly - China's government are studying how to improve disaster prevention for the future - Government allocated 95 billion to the relief fund - Government officials arrested

Question 44

What was the foreign aid given to China in the Sichuan crisis

Answer 44

- Domestic and foreign aid reached over ·55 billion in money and materials.

Question 45

# Before the disaster (planning and preparations made) - Haiti ...% of the population lives below the poverty line

Answer 45

80%

Question 46

# Before the disaster (planning and preparations made) - Haiti How did Haiti's history effect planning

Answer 46

- Haiti owes France, US and Germany millions of dollars, therefore the government uses much of its money to pay back this debt rather than on the country's development. - Decades of corrupt, ineffective and brutal governance left Haitian people hugely vulnerable because of slum housing, ineffectual water supply and endemic poverty

Question 47

# Before the disaster (planning and preparations made) - Haiti ....% of buildings were designed with earthquakes in mind.

Answer 47

0%

Question 48

# During the disaster (short term responses/impacts) - Haiti How was the countries leadership handled

Answer 48

* Government officials died so IGOs gave emergency services * Confusion over who was in charge, complicating relief work and aid refused due to corruption

Question 49

# During the disaster (short term responses/impacts) - Haiti What was the social impact of the aid that came in

Answer 49

- Peacekeepers from Nepal who came to help with recovery may have caused a cholera epidemic - killed more than 10,000 people and infected more than 800,000

Question 50

# After the disaster (long term responses) - Haiti By 2015 ............ people still living in .............. ............

Answer 50

* 80,000 * temporary housing camps

Question 51

# After the disaster (long term responses) - Haiti How has QofL improved since

Answer 51

- New water supplies set up in 6 rural locations. - New buildings, roads and schools have been built and health statistics have improved.