Tectonic Processes & Hazards - EQ2 - 1.4A&B Flashcards
1
Q
Define Resilience and Capacity to Cope
A
- The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to adapt, absorb and recover
- e.g protect lives, livelihoods and infrastructure from destruction,
- and to restore areas after a natural hazard has occurred
2
Q
Define adaptation
A
- changes to ways of doing things so future hazards have less impact
3
Q
Define vulnerability
A
- The ability (or lack of) to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a natural hazard
- It is based on the human geography of a community or area
4
Q
What is the UN’s definition of a distatser
A
- A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
- which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
5
Q
Define hazard
A
- A threat (whether natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage, socio-economic disruption or environmental degradation
6
Q
Define risk
A
- The exposure of people to a hazardous event
- More specifically, it is the probability of a hazard occurring that leads to loss of lives and/or livelihoods
7
Q
Who are CRED
A
The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
8
Q
What do CRED define disasters as
A
- hazards become a disaster when:
- 10 or more people are killed, and/or
- 100 or more people are affected
9
Q
A natural tectonic event that does not affect people in any way is not a ……….
A
hazard
10
Q
describe the shift from tectonic event to hazard
A
- A natural tectonic event that does not affect people in any way is not a hazard
- As soon as an event disrupts normal daily home or work routines, then it becomes a hazard and the level of severity may increase to cause the destruction of property and death
- In a world that is considered to be overcrowded, it is now rare for a tectonic event not to become a hazard in some way
11
Q
How are tectonic hazards profiled?
A
- DEGGS MODEL
- DISASTER RISK EQUATION
- PRESSURE RELEASE MODEL
- HAZARD PROFILES
12
Q
How is vulnerability categorised?
A
- physical vulnerability - Physical location and time
- economic vulnerability - Cost of damage & loss of earnings (insurance)
- social vulnerability - Demography (population structure: elderly vs young)
- knowledge vulnerability - Education & literacy
- environmental vulnerability - Climate change/ sea level change / pollution already putting pressure on communities
13
Q
What is a hazard profile
A
- a simple diagram that shows the main characteristics of different types of tectonic hazards
14
Q
What do hazard profiles not tell you
A
- They tell you nothing about the impacts on people (vulnerability) or anything about the capacity to cope
15
Q
What are hazard profiles developed for
A
- each/multiple natural hazard
- & are based on various criteria such as frequency, duration and speed of onset
16
Q
What are hazard profiles used for
A
- analyse and assess the physical characteristics of hazards which take place in contrasting locations or at different times
17
Q
What are different things hazad profiles do
A
- compares the physical characteristics that all hazards share
- helps decision makers to identify
- rank the hazards that should be given the most attention and resources
18
Q
Hazard risk involves…
A
- potential loss of life and injury, and destruction and damage to buildings and infrastructure in an area
19
Q
What is the hazard risk equation
A
Risk (R) = Hazard (H) x Vulnerability (V) / Capacity to Cope (C)
20
Q
What is meant by the term acceptable risk
A
- The perception of risk varies from place to place,
- so the term ‘acceptable risk’ can be used to define the toleration limits of a society to possible harm and damage
21
Q
The greater the vulnerability and the lower the capacity to cope, the greater the risk to the …………………….
A
- The greater the vulnerability and the lower the capacity to cope, the greater the risk to the population, environment and economy
22
Q
The greater the hazard magnitude and the lower the capacity to cope, the greater the risk of ……………
A
disaster
23
Q
The hazard risk equation allows a…
A
- judgement to be made regarding an area’sresilience
24
Q
Explain the utility of the hazard risk equation for how earthquakes can be similar in magnitude but have such different impacts
A
- Nepal (2015) earthquake and the New Zealand (2016) earthquake
- Almost 9,000 people died in Nepal whereas only 2 people died in New Zealand
25
What are factors affecting resilience
- the location of settlements
- people's knowledge and understanding
- people's ability to prepare, react to and withstand the effects of a hazard
- the presence of advance warning systems
- the involvement of local people in planning and preparation.
- Population density
- Size of hazard
26
Give examples of recovery
* stockpiling potential hazard essentials (food,water, medicines)
* resources for repairing and rebuilding
27
Give examples of adaptations
* identifying the risks of a potential hazard
* planning what to do before a hazard occurs
* implementing plans to for repairing
28
The pressure and release model takes into account the...
* socio-economic context of a hazard
29
What does the pressure and release model suggest
* The socio-economic context of a hazard is important
* In poor, badly governed (root causes) places with rapid change and low capacity (dynamic pressures) and low coping capacity (unsafe conditions), disasters are likely
* It show how root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions combine with a natural hazard to create a disaster
30
What is the pressure model
* The pressure model demonstrates how there are a range of factors which increase vulnerability and why some areas lack resilience
31
Within the pressure and release model, there are:
- **Root causes** - related to resources, decision making and governance, these lead to dynamic pressures
- **Dynamic pressures** relate to education, urbanisation and population change which create unsafe conditions
- **Unsafe conditions** - poor quality housing and infrastructure, poverty
- These are then combined with the hazard itself to increase the risk
32
# PAR model
What is the release model
* - The release model demonstrates vulnerability can be reduced and resilience increased by addressing:
- Safety
- Reducing the pressures
- Addressing the root causes
- Hazard mitigation
33
What is Degg's model
* Venn diagram stating that a disaster is the intersection of a hazardous geophysical event, and a vulnerable population
34
# PAR Model
Therefore, the number of people affected will increasece...
Therefore, the number of people affected will increase** the closer the factor is to the root
cause.**
35
Define physical vulnerability
* **physical vulnerability** concerns Physical location and time
* - Individuals live in a hazard-prone area, with little protection
naturally or through mitigation.
36
Define economic vulnerability
* **economic vulnerability** - Cost of damage & loss of earnings (insurance)
* People risk losing their employment, wealth or assets
during a hazard. MEDCs tend to be more economically vulnerable than LEDCs
37
Define social vulnerability
* **social vulnerability** - Demography (population structure: elderly vs young)
* Communities are unable to support their disadvantaged or
most vulnerable, leaving them at risk to hazards
38
Define knowledge vulnerability
* **knowledge vulnerability** - Education & literacy
* Individuals lack training or warning to know the risks of a
hazard or how to safely evacuate.
* Alternatively, religion and beliefs may limit their understanding of hazards; hazards are an act of God, so individuals don’t mitigate or
evacuate (known as fatalist belief).
39
Define environmental vulnerability
* **environmental vulnerability** - Climate change/ sea level change / pollution already putting pressure on communities
* A community’s risk to a hazard is increased due to
high population density in the area
40
The Pressure & Release Model suggests that a series of ..................... vulnerability
factors leads to a population’s
41
What are common examples of root causes that can affect the vulnerability of a society in the PAR model
- Weak Governance
- Mismanagement by Industry, NGOs or IGOs
- High reliance on products easily affected by hazards (local agriculture near to the hazard, imports by airduring a volcanic eruption)
42
What are common examples of dynamic pressures that can affect the vulnerability of a society in the PAR model
- lack of training/knowledge in locals.
- rapid urbanisation
- poor communication between government and locals
- natural environment degraded (mangroves removed, rivers &
channels filled with debris)
- lack of basic services (health, education, police)
43
What are common examples of unsafe living conditions that can affect the vulnerability of a society in the PAR model
- lack of infrastructure (clean water, sewage removal, electricity)
- dangerous location of settlements (close to nuclear stations or the natural hazard itself)
- no warning system for locals
44
What are limitations of the PAR model
* doesn't look at impacts --> only lists vulnerability
* it only tells you aboubt 1 disatser event so you need multiple models to make comparisons
