Water Balance Flashcards by Alice Caporn

Q

Name four ways water is lost in the body

A

Urine

Stools

Sweat

Respiratory loss

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Q

What are the signs of dehydration in a patient

A

Rapid pulse. Lack of skin turgor

Dry mouth. Sunken eyes

Weight loss. Low BP

Conc. urine

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Q

What % is the water composition in a man

A

60%

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Q

Approximately how many litres of water is in the body

A

40 litres

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Q

Where is the water in the body

A

2/3 in intracellular fluids

1/3 in extra cellular fluid

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Q

How much of the body’s water is in extra cellular fluid

A

1/3

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Q

Where is the water in extra cellular fluid

A

12L interstitial

3L blood (plasma)

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Q

How much water is in intracellular fluid

A

2/3

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Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Movement from area of high conc. to low conc.

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Q

How does temperature affect diffusion

A

Increased temp = increased motion of particles

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Q

How does molecular weight affect diffusion

A

Larger molecules move slower

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Q

How does the steepness of conc. gradient affect diffusion

A

Increased difference = increased rate

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Q

How does membrane surface area affect diffusion

A

Increased surface area = increased rate

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Q

How does membrane permeability affect diffusion

A

Increased permeability = increased rate

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Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water, from high conc. to low conc.

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Q

What is an electrolyte

A

Term given to something that when put into a solution has a charge - eg. Na+

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Q

What is a solute

A

Electrolyte dissolved particle

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Q

What is a solution

A

Mixture of >2 dissimilar substances:

Liquid (solvent) and a solute

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Q

What are aqueous solutions

A

Solvent with small molecules dissolved

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Q

Is Anion positive or negative

A

Negative

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Q

Is cation positive or negative

A

Positive

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Q

What is a colloid solution

A

Proteins or other large molecules dissolved

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Q

What is a suspension

A

Larger molecules than colloid solutions

Particles settle is undisturbed - eg. Blood cells

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Q

What pH is blood?

A

Neutral

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What is osmotic pressure

The force of water movement into higher conc. solution

What is osmolality

The force of water movement into higher gradient solution

What is osmolarity

The number of osmoles per litre of solution

What is tonic it's

The ability if a solution to effect the cell

What happens if a solution is isotonic

Nothing

What is the conc. gradient of an isotonic solution

Same conc. as inside the cell

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

It swells

What is the conc. gradient of hypotonic solution

Low conc. of solutes, high conc. of water; water moves freely across membrane

What happens in lysis

Cell swells so much in hypotonic solution that it bursts

In a hypotonic solution the cell will...

Swell

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

It shrivels

What is the conc. gradient in a hypertonic solution

Lowe conc. of water outside, high solute conc. water moves out of cell to compensate

If a cell is placed in a solution and it shrivels, what type of solution is it?

Hypertonic

Which receptors detect low body water

Baroreceptors Osmoreceptors

Where do osmoreceptors detect low water conc.

The brain and kidney

Name four treatments for dehydration

Fluid therapy Gelofusine 5% glucose solution 0.9% saline

Name 2 things that can happen in over hydration

Hyponatraemia Water intoxication

How does water respond to Na+

Water always follows sodium

Substances that ionize when dissolved in water are

Electrolytes

Name 3 common electrolytes in the body

Sodium Potassium Calcium

What is the most common electrolyte in extra cellular fluid

Sodium

Which electrolyte creates osmotic pressure

Sodium

Which two electrolytes are required for nerve conduction

Sodium Potassium

Which electrolyte is required for an action potential

Sodium

Which electrolyte is required for muscle contraction

Calcium

Which electrolyte is required for the release of neurotransmitters in nerve cells

Calcium

How do substances move in/out of cells

Passive Active

Carrier mediated and bulk transport are what type of ways substances move in/out if cells

Active

Solutes move water...

Follows

Osmosis is the movement of

Water

The cell membrane is a

Phospholipid bilayer

What is the most abundant electrolyte inside the cell

Potassium

Sodium has a ... conc. in intracellular that extra cellular

Lower

How many mmol/L of sodium are there intracellularly

15mmol/L

How many mmol/L of sodium are there extracellularly

150mmol/L

Is potassium more abundant inside the cell or outside

Inside

How many mmol of potassium are there inside the cell

150mmol

How many mmol of potassium are there outside the cell

5.5mmol

Is chloride more abundant inside the cell or outside

Outside

How many mmol of chloride are there inside the cell

9mmol

How many mmol if chloride are there outside the cell

125mmol

What dies ANP stand for

Atrial naturetic peptide

How do ANP and aldosterone effect sodium

Increase the amount excreted

Which electrolyte creates osmotic pressure

Sodium

Which electrolyte returns the cell to its resting state after excitation

Potassium

Which two electrolytes impact muscle contractions

Calcium and potassium

Which electrolyte is required for the release of neurotransmitters in nerve cells

Calcium

What two hormones are calcium levels controlled by

Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

Which electrolyte is responsible for acid base balance

Bicarbonate HCO3-

What makes the cell membrane fluid

Cholesterol

In the phospholipid bilayer the hydrophilic heads are ... and the hydrophobic heads are ...

Outside Inside

What are the functions of membrane proteins

Cell identity markers (antigens) Receptors for drugs Channels, carriers and pumps Enzymes

What channel proteins in the cell membrane are always opened?

Aquaporins

Which type of carrier mediated transport does not require ATP

Facilitated diffusion

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of

Carrier mediated active transport

At rest a cell is

Polarised

When does a cell become depolarised

When Na+ enters

Which electron repolarise's the cell

Potassium

Is the inside of a cell positive or negatively charged

Negatively

Name the most plentiful intracellular ion

Potassium