Skeletal System Flashcards by Alice Caporn | Brainscape

Q

Bone is a

A

Dynamic living tissue

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Q

What are the functions of the skeleton

A

Structural support
Protection
Leverage
Stores calcium
Produces blood cells

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Q

What type of tissue is bone

A

Specialised connective tissue

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Q

What consists of a matrix with cells suspended it it

A

Bone

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Q

What is the matrix of bone made from

A

Organic and inorganic compounds

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Q

What is osteiod made up from

A

Collagen and protein

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Q

Where is osteoid found

A

Organic componant of the bone matrix

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Q

Which part of the bone component is strong, flexible but easily compressed?

A

Organic component

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Q

Which part of the bone matrix is hard, inflexible but quite brittle

A

Inorganic component

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Q

Where would you find hydroxyapatite

A

Inorganic componant of bone

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Q

What is hydroxyapatite made of

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

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Q

Which cells produce new bone and secrete osteoid

A

Osteoblasts

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Q

Which cells are resposible for bone remodelling

A

Osteoclasts

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Q

What do osteoblasts develop from

A

Osteogenic stem cells

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Q

Where are osteogenic stem cells found

A

Periostem and endiostem

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Q

Osteogenic cells develop into

A

Osteoblasts

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Q

Which bone cells are mature

A

Osteocytes

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Q

Which bone cells are found in the lacunae

A

Osteocytes

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Q

Which bone cells keep the matrix maintained

A

Osteocytes

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Q

Bone is made of two types of tissue:

A

Compact bone

Cancellous (spongy) bone

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Q

What is the basic functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

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Q

What increases the strength of the bone tissue

A

Lots of osteons

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Q

What is the other name for the haversian system

A

Osteon

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Q

The spaces between the trabeculae in cancellous bone contain

A

Bone marrow

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Q

Which type of bone has trabeculae arranged haphazardly

A

Cancellous

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Q

Where is bone marrow found in cancellous bone

A

Between the trabeculae

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Q

Where is bone marrow found in long bones

A

Medullary cavity

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Q

What is found in the medullary cavity of long bones

A

Bone marrow

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Q

Which tissue is red bone marrow made from

A

Myeloid tissue

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Q

Where would you find myeloid tissue

A

Red bone marrow

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Q

What does haemopoetic mean

A

Produces blood cells

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Q

What tissue is yellow bone marrow made from

A

Fatty tissue that no longer produces blood

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Q

What type of bone marrow would you fine in the bones of the trunk

A

Red

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Q

Femur, metatarsals, phalanges are all types of what bone

A

Long bones

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Q

Name 3 examples of long bones

A

Femur

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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Q

Carpals and tarsals are examples of what bone

A

Short bones

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Q

Name two examples of short bones

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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Q

The sternum, scapula, pelvic and cranial bones are all examples of what bone

A

Flat

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Q

Name some examples of flat bones

A

Scapula

Sternum

Cranial

Pelvic

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Q

The vertebrae and some skull bones are examples if what bone

A

Irregular

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Q

Name an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae

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Q

Ossification or osteogenesis is

A

Bone formation

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Q

What are the two methods of ossification

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur

A

Flat bones and clavicles

Q

Which type of ossification occurs in flat bones and clavicles

A

Intramembranous

Q

Which cells secrete osteoid

A

Mesenchymal cells

Q

What happens during intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid
Deposition of calcium salts lead to calcification
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

Blood vessels grow in the area

This is just cancellous bone over time osteoclasts remodel and compact bone develops

Q

Endochondral ossification occurs where

A

Inside cartilage

Q

During bone growth where is new cartilage layer down

A

Epiphyseal side of the Epiphyseal plate

Q

Which cells invade the cartilage during bone growth to replace it with bone

A

Osteoblasts

Q

Fractures can be classed into two types

A

Compound (open)

Simple (closed)

Q

During bone healing what is the first stage

A

Haematoma formation (blood clot forms around the area)

Q

How long does bone healing take

A

Atleast 8 weeks

Q

What factors delay bone healing

A

Deficient blood supply
Tissue fragments between bone
Poor alignment 
Continued mobility
Infection

Q

A joint (articulation) is an area where

A

2 bones meet

Q

Synarthrosis means

A

Little or no movement at a joint

Q

Amphiarthrosis means

A

A slightly moveable joint (ie. intervertebral discs)

Q

Diarthroses means

A

Freely moveable joint (hip)

Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints

A

Cartilaginous

Fibrous

Synovial

Q

In a synovial joint what are the joints covered in

A

Articular cartilage

Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder

Hip

Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow

Q

Give an example of a gliding joint

A

Sternoclavicular

Carpal bones

Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

Atlantoaxial

Q

Give an example of a ellipsoid joint

A

Radiocarpal

Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

Thumb

Q

Which joint only allows flexion and extension

A

Hinge (elbow)

Q

Which joint only allows rotation

A

Pivot

Q

What makes up the axial skeleton

A

Skull

Thorax

Vertebral column

Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton

A

80

Q

How many bones are there in the skull

A

24

Q

Where is the mandible bone found

A

Jaw

Q

Where are the maxilla bones found

A

Cheek bones

Q

Name the bones of the vertebrae and how many are found there

A

Cervical - 8 
Thorax - 12
Lumbar -5
Sacral -5 
Coccygeal - 4 (fused)

Q

How many pairs of true ribs are there

A

7

Q

How many pairs of false ribs are there

A

3

Q

How many pairs of floater ribs are there

A

2

Q

Name the 3 parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphisternum

Q

Where do the second ribs attach

A

Sternal angle

Q

What attaches to the sternal angle

A

The second ribs

Q

The xiphisternum is made of

A

Cartilage

Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton

A

126

Q

The pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle and lower limb all make up the

A

Appendicular skeleton

Q

The pectoral girdle is made up of

A

Scapulae

Clavicles

Q

Which part of the scapula forms a ball and socket joint with the head of the humerus

A

Glenoid process

Q

What is the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton

A

Clavicle

Q

What is the upper limb made up of

A

Arm

Forearm

Hand

Q

What bone makes up the arm

A

Humerus

Q

The trochlear of the humerus articulates with the…

A

Ulna

Q

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the…

A

Radius

Q

What are the bones of the forearm

A

Radius and ulna

Q

Which part of what bone makes the pointy bit at the elbow

A

The olecranon of the ulna

Q

The … is in line with the little finger

A

Ulna

Q

The … is inline with the thumb

A

Radius

Q

What transmits weight from the vertebral column onto the femur

A

Pelvic girdle

Q

What is the pelvic girdle composed of

A

Sacrum and 2 os coxae

Q

Each os coxa is formed from 3 fused bones:

A

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Q

What is the lower limb composed of

A

Thigh

Leg

Food

Q

What is the bone if the thigh

A

Femur

Q

Proximally the head of the femur articulates with where to form the hip joint

A

Acetabulum

Q

The tibia lies … to the fibula

A

Medial

Q

Which bone of the the leg is not weight bearing

A

Fibula

Q

What is the patella

A

Knee cap

Q

What bone is the patella

A

Sesamoid bone