Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Alice Caporn | Brainscape

Q

Contraction of the heart:
Is more forceful in the presence of adrenaline
Raises pressure in right atrium to 120mmHg
Initiated by AV node
Occurs at higher frequency if Vagal nerve

A

More forceful in presence of adrenaline

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Q

An increase in mean arterial blood pressure may result from:
Dilation in arterioles
Decrease in total peripheral resistance
Increase in CO
Decrease in discharge of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves

A

An increase in Cardiac output

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Q

Cardiac output is determined by

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

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Q

The left ventricle of the heart ejects blood into

A

The aorta

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Q

Arterial baroreceptors increase their discharge rate when there is an … In arterial BP

A

Increase

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Q

On the ECG which which wave is associated with atrial repolarisation

A

None

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Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Delivers gases, nutrients and hormones

Removes waste products

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Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

Blood

Circulatory systems

The heart

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Q

What are the two types of blood vascular systems

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

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Q

What does the systemic circulation do?

A

Delivers blood around the body

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Q

What does the pulmonary circulation do

A

Delivers blood to the heart and lungs

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Q

Arteries carry blood … From the heart

A

Away

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Q

Which are under greater pressure arteries or veins

A

Arteries

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Q

Where does the internal carotid artery supply

A

Brain

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Q

Which artery suppose the face

A

External carotid

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Q

Where do the subclavian arteries supply

A

The upper limbs

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Q

Which artery supplies the pelvic organs

A

Internal iliac

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Q

In the pulmonary circulation … Rich in oxygen carry blood to the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

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Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica externa

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Q

The lumen is larger in arteries or veins

A

Veins

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Q

Which blood vessels contain valves

A

Veins

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Q

Put these arteries in order: muscular, elastic, arterioles

A

Elastic
Muscular
Arteriole

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Q

The aorta, brachiocephalic and common carotid are all types of what artery

A

Elastic

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Q

What type of cells are capillaries made from

A

Endothelial

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Q

Which blood vessels hold about 54% of the total blood volume

A

Veins

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Q

The arteriovenous anastomoses is used for

A

Shunting blood directly between arterioles and venule (bypassing capillary)

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Q

Which blood vessels are low pressure

A

Veins

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Q

What picks up the left over fluid lost from capillaries

A

Lymphatic system

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Q

Which organ is a muscular pump

A

The heart

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Q

The heart is positioned between the … and the … ribs

A

2nd and 5th

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Q

2/3 of the heart lie to the … of the midline

A

Left

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Q

Name 2 functions of the pericardium

A

Prevents overfilling

Prevents friction

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Q

What are the layers of the serous pericardium

A

Visceral and parietal separated by the pericardial cavity

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Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with

A

Serous fluid

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Q

What 3 layers make up the heart wall

A

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

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Q

Put these in order:

Myocardium, fibrous pericardium, epicardium, endocardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium

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Q

Where do the superior and inferior vena cava enter the heart

A

Right atrium

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Q

Where is the tricuspid valve

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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Q

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

Q

What 3 major arteries originate from the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall

A

Left

Q

Where are pectinate muscles found

A

Inner surface of atrium

Q

What is the ventricular septum

A

Wall between the right and left ventricles

Q

Which valves have chordae tendinae

A

Atrioventricular: tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

Q

Pulmonary arteries are … In O2

A

Low

Q

How much blood does the coronary circulation receive

A

250ml/min

Q

When is the blood delivered to the myocardium

A

Ventricular relaxation

Q

What are the names of the arteries in the coronary circulation

A

Left coronary artery

Right coronary artery

Q

What does the left coronary artery lead to

A

Anterior inter ventricular

Circumflex

Q

What does the right coronary artery lead to

A

Marginal artery

Posterior inter ventricular

Q

Where do most cardiac veins drain into

A

Coronary sinus which empties into right atrium

Q

Cardiac muscle is

A

Autorhythmic

Q

What is the main driving force of hear contraction

A

SA node

Q

What is the hearts pacemaker

A

SA node

Q

Which system modifies the heart rhythm

A

Autonomic nervous system

Q

On an ECG what is the P wave associated with

A

Depolarisation of the atria

Q

What does the QRS represent on an ECG

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

Q

What does the T wave stand for on an ECG

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

Q

Approximately how much blood is pumped out if the heart per minute

A

5litre

Q

What makes the first heart sound

A

AV valves

Q

What makes the second heart sound

A

Semilunar valves

Q

Put these in order:
Ventricular ejection 
Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular filling (passive) 
Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricular filling (passive)
Ventricular filling 
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection 
Isovolumetric relaxation

Q

Wha happens during ventricular filing

A

Atria and ventricles relaxed

AV valves open

Semilunar valves closed

Blood flows in passively through atria into ventricles

Q

What happens during ventricular filling (atrial systole)

A

P wave of ECG

Atria contracts and forces blood into ventricles

AV valves open semilunar closed

Q

How much is the end diastolic volume in each ventricle

A

130ml

Q

What happens during isovolumetric contraction

A

Responds to QRS on ECG

Atria relax, ventricles contract

Pressure in ventricles rising

All valves closed

Q

What happens during ventricular ejection

A

Pressure in ventricles exceeds aortic and pulmonary pressure therefore forcing semilunar valves open

Blood forced into aorta and pulmonary trunk

Q

What is the end systolic volume

A

60ml

Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation

A

Corresponds to T wave

Ventricles relax

Semilunar valves close

AV valves remain closed

Q

What is the cardiac output

A

CO = stroke volume X heart rate

Q

The volume of blood expelled in a minute is the

A

Cardiac output

Q

What is the stroke volume

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

~70ml/beat

Q

The volume of blood ejected per beat is the

A

Stroke volume

Q

What 3 factors effect stroke volume

A

Pre load

Contractility

After load

Q

What does norepinephrine and epipinephrine do

A

Released SNS

Cause heart to contract more forcefully

Q

How does hypercalcaemia effect the heart

A

Causes it to contract more forcefully

Q

What do the following do to the heart; hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, myocardial hypoxia, myocardial hypercapnia

A

Decrease the forcefulness of heart contractions

Q

The pressure required to eject blood from the ventricles is the

A

After load

Q

If there is less blood volume heart rate …

A

Increases

Q

What is tachycardia

A

HR above 100bpm

Q

What is brachycardia

A

Persistent HR below 60bpm

Q

Where is blood pressure usually measured

A

Brachial artery

Q

What is the normal blood pressure

A

120/80mmHg

Q

The force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is

A

Blood pressure

Q

Systolic blood pressure is

A

Maximum pressure when ventricles relax

Q

Diastolic blood pressure is

A

Maximum pressure when ventricles relax

Q

What instrument is used to measure BP

A

Sphygmomanometer

Q

Hypertension is a chronic resting BP above

A

140/90mmHg

Q

How is blood pressure calculated

A

BP = CO X total peripheral resistance

Q

Blood vessel radius is determined by

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Q

Where are the two main baroreceptors found

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic sinus

Q

What do baroreceptors respond to

A

Stretch

Q

Out the cardiac conducting system in order:
AV node
Purkinje fibres
SA node
right and left bundle branches
AV bundle

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibres

Q

What are the risk factors for a myocardial infarction

A

Thrombosis
Age
Male
People with heart disease

Q

What is total peripheral resistance dependant on

A

Viscosity
Vessel length
Vessel radius