Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Alice Caporn

Q

Contraction of the heart:
Is more forceful in the presence of adrenaline
Raises pressure in right atrium to 120mmHg
Initiated by AV node
Occurs at higher frequency if Vagal nerve

A

More forceful in presence of adrenaline

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Q

An increase in mean arterial blood pressure may result from:
Dilation in arterioles
Decrease in total peripheral resistance
Increase in CO
Decrease in discharge of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves

A

An increase in Cardiac output

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Q

Cardiac output is determined by

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

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Q

The left ventricle of the heart ejects blood into

A

The aorta

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Q

Arterial baroreceptors increase their discharge rate when there is an … In arterial BP

A

Increase

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Q

On the ECG which which wave is associated with atrial repolarisation

A

None

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Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Delivers gases, nutrients and hormones

Removes waste products

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Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

Blood

Circulatory systems

The heart

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Q

What are the two types of blood vascular systems

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

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Q

What does the systemic circulation do?

A

Delivers blood around the body

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Q

What does the pulmonary circulation do

A

Delivers blood to the heart and lungs

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Q

Arteries carry blood … From the heart

A

Away

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Q

Which are under greater pressure arteries or veins

A

Arteries

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Q

Where does the internal carotid artery supply

A

Brain

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Q

Which artery suppose the face

A

External carotid

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Q

Where do the subclavian arteries supply

A

The upper limbs

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Q

Which artery supplies the pelvic organs

A

Internal iliac

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Q

In the pulmonary circulation … Rich in oxygen carry blood to the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

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Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica externa

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Q

The lumen is larger in arteries or veins

A

Veins

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Q

Which blood vessels contain valves

A

Veins

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Q

Put these arteries in order: muscular, elastic, arterioles

A

Elastic
Muscular
Arteriole

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Q

The aorta, brachiocephalic and common carotid are all types of what artery

A

Elastic

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Q

What type of cells are capillaries made from

A

Endothelial

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Which blood vessels hold about 54% of the total blood volume

Veins

The arteriovenous anastomoses is used for

Shunting blood directly between arterioles and venule (bypassing capillary)

Which blood vessels are low pressure

Veins

What picks up the left over fluid lost from capillaries

Lymphatic system

Which organ is a muscular pump

The heart

The heart is positioned between the ... and the ... ribs

2nd and 5th

2/3 of the heart lie to the ... of the midline

Left

Name 2 functions of the pericardium

Prevents overfilling Prevents friction

What are the layers of the serous pericardium

Visceral and parietal separated by the pericardial cavity

What is the pericardial cavity filled with

Serous fluid

What 3 layers make up the heart wall

Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

Put these in order: | Myocardium, fibrous pericardium, epicardium, endocardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium

``` Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium ```

Where do the superior and inferior vena cava enter the heart

Right atrium

Where is the tricuspid valve

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

What 3 major arteries originate from the aortic arch

Brachiocephalic Left common carotid Left subclavian

Which ventricle has a thicker wall

Left

Where are pectinate muscles found

Inner surface of atrium

What is the ventricular septum

Wall between the right and left ventricles

Which valves have chordae tendinae

Atrioventricular: tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

Pulmonary arteries are ... In O2

Low

How much blood does the coronary circulation receive

250ml/min

When is the blood delivered to the myocardium

Ventricular relaxation

What are the names of the arteries in the coronary circulation

Left coronary artery Right coronary artery

What does the left coronary artery lead to

Anterior inter ventricular Circumflex

What does the right coronary artery lead to

Marginal artery Posterior inter ventricular

Where do most cardiac veins drain into

Coronary sinus which empties into right atrium

Cardiac muscle is

Autorhythmic

What is the main driving force of hear contraction

SA node

What is the hearts pacemaker

SA node

Which system modifies the heart rhythm

Autonomic nervous system

On an ECG what is the P wave associated with

Depolarisation of the atria

What does the QRS represent on an ECG

Depolarisation of the ventricles

What does the T wave stand for on an ECG

Repolarisation of the ventricles

Approximately how much blood is pumped out if the heart per minute

5litre

What makes the first heart sound

AV valves

What makes the second heart sound

Semilunar valves

``` Put these in order: Ventricular ejection Ventricular filling Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular filling (passive) Isovolumetric relaxation ```

``` Ventricular filling (passive) Ventricular filling Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection Isovolumetric relaxation ```

Wha happens during ventricular filing

Atria and ventricles relaxed AV valves open Semilunar valves closed Blood flows in passively through atria into ventricles

What happens during ventricular filling (atrial systole)

P wave of ECG Atria contracts and forces blood into ventricles AV valves open semilunar closed

How much is the end diastolic volume in each ventricle

130ml

What happens during isovolumetric contraction

Responds to QRS on ECG Atria relax, ventricles contract Pressure in ventricles rising All valves closed

What happens during ventricular ejection

Pressure in ventricles exceeds aortic and pulmonary pressure therefore forcing semilunar valves open Blood forced into aorta and pulmonary trunk

What is the end systolic volume

60ml

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation

Corresponds to T wave Ventricles relax Semilunar valves close AV valves remain closed

What is the cardiac output

CO = stroke volume X heart rate

The volume of blood expelled in a minute is the

Cardiac output

What is the stroke volume

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume ~70ml/beat

The volume of blood ejected per beat is the

Stroke volume

What 3 factors effect stroke volume

Pre load Contractility After load

What does norepinephrine and epipinephrine do

Released SNS Cause heart to contract more forcefully

How does hypercalcaemia effect the heart

Causes it to contract more forcefully

What do the following do to the heart; hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, myocardial hypoxia, myocardial hypercapnia

Decrease the forcefulness of heart contractions

The pressure required to eject blood from the ventricles is the

After load

If there is less blood volume heart rate ...

Increases

What is tachycardia

HR above 100bpm

What is brachycardia

Persistent HR below 60bpm

Where is blood pressure usually measured

Brachial artery

What is the normal blood pressure

120/80mmHg

The force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure is

Maximum pressure when ventricles relax

Diastolic blood pressure is

Maximum pressure when ventricles relax

What instrument is used to measure BP

Sphygmomanometer

Hypertension is a chronic resting BP above

140/90mmHg

How is blood pressure calculated

BP = CO X total peripheral resistance

Blood vessel radius is determined by

Sympathetic nervous system

Where are the two main baroreceptors found

Carotid sinus Aortic sinus

What do baroreceptors respond to

Stretch

``` Out the cardiac conducting system in order: AV node Purkinje fibres SA node right and left bundle branches AV bundle ```

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibres

What are the risk factors for a myocardial infarction

Thrombosis Age Male People with heart disease

What is total peripheral resistance dependant on

Viscosity Vessel length Vessel radius