Metabolism Flashcards by Alice Caporn

Q

What is anabolic metabolism?

A

When small molecules are joined together to form complex structures

Uses energy

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Q

What is catabolic metabolism?

A

Breaking large molecules down to small ones

Releases energy

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Q

Carbohydrates are broken down into

A

Simple sugars

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Q

Proteins are broken down into

A

Amino acids

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Q

Lipids are broken down into

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides

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Q

Name some examples if nutrients

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals 
Vitamins
Water

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Q

Name some examples of macronutrients

A

Water
Carbs
Proteins
Fats

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Q

Name some examples of micronutrients

A

Minerals and vitamins

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Q

Glucose, galactose and fructose are all

A

Monosaccharides

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Q

Disaccharides are made up of two …

A

Monosaccharides

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Q

What do the monosaccharides glucose and fructose make

A

Sucrose

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Q

What do the monosaccharides glucose and galactose make

A

Lactose

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Q

What do the monosaccharides glucose and glucose form

A

Maltose

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Q

Polysaccharides are

A

Complex carbohydrates

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Q

Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all

A

Polysaccharides

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Q

All carbohydrates generate

A

Glucose

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Q

What is the GDA for carbohydrates

A

230g/day

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Q

Why are polysaccharides the best form of carb

A

Release energy slower

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Q

Fibre is also known as

A

Cellulose

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Q

What is the GDA for fibre

A

24g/day

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Q

What absorbs water in the intestine and so softens the stool

A

Fibre

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Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

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Q

How many amino acids can’t be synthesised

A

8

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Q

Leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and methionine are all …

A

Amino acids that need to be ingested

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What is the GDA for protein

45-60g/day

Complete proteins contain

All amino acids

Complete proteins are found in

Animal products

Vit A, D, E and K are all

Fat soluble vitamins

What are lipids like in water

Not water soluble

High density lipoproteins have

Higher protein to fat ratio

How are lipids transported in the blood

As lipoproteins

Chylomicrons transport triglycerides and cholesterol via

The lymphatic system

Which vitamins are not stored in the body

B and C

Which vitamins are water soluble

B and C

Which type of metabolism uses energy

Anabolism

The building up of amino acids to proteins is an example of

Anabolism

The amount of heat required to heat 1litre of water by 1degree equals

1 kcal

The metabolic rate is

The rate of energy released from cells

The basal metabolic rate is

Energy release required to support vital organs

In protein metabolism what happens during anabolism

Amino acids are used to form new proteins

In protein metabolism what happens during catabolism

Broken down - amino acids can enter TCA cycle Can be converted to urea in the liver

Which organ converts protein to urea

Liver

In carb anabolism glucose is converted to

Glycogen

In carb catabolism glucose is

Used to form ATP via glycolysis or TCA cycle

How much ATP is yielded by glycolysis

2 ATP

For glycolysis how does glucose enter the cell

Glucose transported

During glycolysis what is glucose broken down into

Pyruvic acid

If there is no oxygen in the cell what is pyruvate converted into

Lactic acid

If there is plenty of oxygen in the cell what happens to pyruvate

Enters TCA cycle

Where does the TCA cycle take place

Mitochondria

What is pyruvate converted into

Acetyl Co Enzyme A

The TCA cycle produces how much ATP

36

During the presence of oxygen in a cell during carbohydrate catabolism how much ATP is yielded

38

Which lipoprotein removes the cholesterol from the blood and returns it to the liver for elimination

HDLs

During the absorptive metabolic state what is the main process occurring

Anabolism

During the post abortive state what is the main process occurring

Catabolism

How long does the absorptive state last

4 hours

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is called

Glycogenesis

Glycogenesis is

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose is

Glycogenolysis

Glycogenolysis is

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

The synthesis of glucose from amino acids is

Gluconeogenesis

What is the normal range of blood glucose

3.5-8.0

What is secreted by pancreatic beta cells

Insulin

Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels

Insulin

Which hormone increases blood glucose levels

Glucagon

Which hormone is secreted during the absorptive state

Insulin

Which hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis

Insulin

Which hormone stimulate Glycogenesis

Insulin

During the post absorptive state which 3 hormones are in action

Glucagon Adrenaline Glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol)

If there is too much acetyl coA what is it converted to

Ketone bodies

Name a carbohydrate stored in the liver

Glucagon

Name a monosaccharide

Glucose

Glutamine is a...

Amino acid

What is the formation of glucose from non carbs

Gluconeogenesis

What is he process which breaks down glucose in the cell to produce ATP

Glycolysis