Cells, Tissues and Homeostasis Flashcards
0
Q
Size of a eukaryotic cell
A
10-40um
1
Q
Cell with a nucleus
A
Eukaryotic
2
Q
Multi-cellular organism cell
A
Eukaryotic
3
Q
Single-cell organism cell
A
Prokaryotic
4
Q
Bacteria and fungi are examples if what cell
A
Prokaryotic
5
Q
What hereditary material does a prokaryotic cell contain
A
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
6
Q
What size is a prokaryotic cell?
A
1-5um
7
Q
Name 6 organelles
A
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Mitochondrion Lysosomes Secretory vesicles
8
Q
The study of cellular structure and function is..?
A
Cytology
9
Q
Put these in order of organisation:
System, organ, tissue, cell, organism
A
Cell > Tissue > Organ > System > Organism
10
Q
The plasma membrane is a fatty structure made up of:
A
90% lipids
10% proteins
11
Q
What is selectively permeable and interacts with other cells?
A
Plasma membrane
12
Q
What is a viscous fluid made up of H2O, ions and proteins?
A
Cytosol
13
Q
What does DNA stand for?
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
14
Q
What does RNA stand for?
A
Ribonucleic acid
15
Q
The nucleus contains…
A
Chromosomes which carry DNA
16
Q
The nucleolus contains…
A
RNA
17
Q
Cell division in the nucleus occurs by:
A
Mitosis and meiosis
18
Q
Protein synthesis in the cell occurs where?
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
19
Q
Lipid synthesis occurs where in the cell?
A
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
20
Q
Packaging, modification and sorting proteins into vesicles occurs where in the cell?
A
Golgi complex
21
Q
Double-membrane organelle where cellular respiration takes place…
A
Mitochondrion
22
Q
ATP stands for…
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
23
Q
Where does ATP synthesis occur in the cell?
A
Mitochondrion
24
Where does the breakdown to macromolecules take place in the cell?
Lysosomes
25
What do lysosomes contain?
Enzymes
26
What to secretory granules do?
Release a product into circulation
27
How to secretory granules release substances
Exocytosis
28
The study of tissues is
Histology
29
An aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and/or function is...
Tissue
30
Epithelium...
Covering
31
Connective...
Support
32
Muscle...
Movement
33
Neural tissue
Control
34
Which type of tissue acts as protective/barrier and controls absorption/secretion
Epithelium
35
Where are epithelial cells found
Skin and GI tract
36
What are the shape classifications of epithelial cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
37
What are the 2 types do numbered classification epithelial cells called
Simple
Stratified
38
Where are stratified squamous cells found
Oral cavity
Anus
Vagina
Oesophagus
Skin
39
Which cells are flat surface cells with many layers
Stratified squamous
40
Where are keratinised stratified squamous found?
Hair, some parts of the skin
41
What is the main function of keratinised stratified squamous cells
Protection and barrier
42
Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found
Glands
Kidney tubules
43
What is the main function of simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
44
Where are simple columnar epithelium found
GI Tract
45
What is the main function of simple columnar epithelium
Absorption a and secretion
46
What do micro villi do?
Increase surface area
47
Where are complex columnar epithelium found
Trachea
Large respiratory airways
48
What are complex columnar epithelium
Tall, <1 type of cell
Appear stratified but are not
49
What is a tight junction between cells
Proteins that bind adjacent cells together
50
What is a gap junction in a cell
Specialised area of cell membrane that allows substances to move between cell membranes
51
A disease of connective tissue is...
Rheumatoid arthritis
52
Non-living material that provides structural/metabolic support is which type of tissue
Connective tissue
53
Which type if tissue is the extra cellular matrix
Specialised connective tissue
54
Name four types of. 'Proper' and fluid specialised connective tissue
Bone & cartilage
Ligament
Adipocytes
Blood
55
Name the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
56
Name 3 types of connective tissue
Loose (areolar) - epithelium
Dense irregular - skin
Denser regular - ligaments, tendons
57
The most abundant protein in the body is
Collagen - 25%
58
How many types of collagen are there?
28
59
What does elastin do
Facilitates stretching and recoiling of structures
60
What are the key roles of elastin in:
Skin
Lungs
Blood vessels
Skin - stretching
Lungs - inflate/deflate
Blood vessels - contract/relax
61
The cell organelle which is the site responsible for protein synthesis is the
Ribosome
62
The plasma membrane is freely permeable to
Steroid hormones
63
Collagen is NOT present in the matrix of
Blood
64
In negative feedback control systems involved in homeostasis the effector tissue is often
A muscle or a gland
65
The 3 basic fibre types in connective tissue are
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic
66
Negative feedback control systems are involved in the control of
Body temperature
67
Extra cellular fluid differs from intracellular fluid, in adults, in that it's volume is
Smaller
68
Relative to the elbow the wrist is
Distal
69
Haemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into:
Hypotonic solution
70
What type of cell is found in the thyroid gland
Simple cuboidal epithelium
71
Homeostasis usually involves continuos activity of
Sensory receptors
72
Homeostasis is the ability to
Maintain a constant internal environment
73
Positive feedback is
Moving further away from the set point
74
Negative feedback is
Moving toward the set point
75
Set point for temperature
37 degrees
76
Set level for blood glucose
4.5-5.6mmol
77
Set blood volume
60-80ml/kg
78
Set BP levels for systolic and diastolic
<80mmHg
79
Set calcium serum levels
2.2-2.67mmol/L
80
Set sodium levels in serum
135-146mmol/L
81
Set potassium serum level
3.5-5.0mmol/L
82
Set oxygen levels
75-100mmHg
83
Set carbon dioxide levels
36-46mmHg
84
Afferent pathways
Towards the brain
85
Pathways towards the brain are
Afferent
86
Efferent pathways are
Away from the brain
87
Pathways away from the brain are
Efferent
88
What is the integrating centre involved in thermoregulation
Hypothalamus
89
Which receptors detect a change in external temperature
Thermoreceptors
90
A fall in blood pressure is
Hypotension
91
A rise in BP is
Hypertension
92
The receptors that detect a change in BP are
Baroreceptors
93
What is the afferent pathway in BP homeostasis
Glossopharyngeal nerve
94
What is the relay system in BP
Baroreceptors -> Glossopharyngeal nerve -> medulla oblongata -> autonomic nerves -> heart and blood vessels
95
Vasoconstriction occurs during homeostasis when?
Hypotension
96
Name 2 things positive feedback is invoked in
Blood clotting
Child birth
97
In homeostasis blood clotting is an example of
Positive feedback
98
Which hormones are released from posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Anti diuretic hormone
99
What type of hormones are secreted from anterior pituitary gland
Releasing
Release-inhibiting
100
Where are gonatropins (FSH & LH) secreted from
Anterior pituitary
101
Where do FSH and LH act
Ovaries and testes
102
Where is growth hormone secreted from
Anterior pituitary
103
Where is prolactin secreted from
Anterior pituitary
104
Where does prolactin act
Mammary glands
105
Where is adencorticotropin released from
Anterior pituitary
106
Where does the hormone ADH work?
Kidney tubules
107
Where does oxytocin work
Smooth muscles in uterus
Mammary glands
