Blood Flashcards by Alice Caporn | Brainscape

Q

What type of tissue is blood

A

Liquid connective tissue

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Q

What are the 3 functions of blood

A

Transport

Protection

Regulation

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Q

What is serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

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Q

What is the composition of blood

A

Plasma 55%

Cells 45%

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Q

What percentage of blood is cells

A

45%

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Q

How many litres of blood does an adult have

A

4-6 litres

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Q

What is viscosity

A

Thickness - resistance to flow

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Q

What is blood osmolarity

A

The concentration

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Q

How does blood volume affect BP

A

If the volume is high then BP is high

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Q

What is the packed cell volume

A

Total volume of blood made from cells

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Q

What is the haematocrit for females

A

37-47%

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Q

What is the haematocrit for males

A

40-54%

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Q

What does plasma contain

A

Nutrients
Gases
Electrolytes
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products

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Q

What are the plasma proteins

A

Albumin

Fibrinogen and clotting factors

Globulins

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Q

Where is albumin produced

A

Liver

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Q

Where are fibrinogen and clotting factors produced

A

Liver

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Q

What are globulins

A

Immune cells

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Q

What is another name for RBCs

A

Erythrocytes

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Q

What is the life span of a RBC

A

120 days

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Q

How much of a RBC is haemoglobin

A

1/3

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Q

Where are erythrocytes broken down and recycled

A

Spleen

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Q

Which cells contain carbonic anhydrase enzyme

A

RBC

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Q

How many protein chains re in 1 haemoglobin

A

4 (globins)

2 alpha, 2 beta

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Q

How many molecules of iron does 1 haemoglobin hold

A

4

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Q

How many O2 are there on 1 haemoglobin

A

4

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Q

Each RBC contains … Haemoglobin a

A

Over 1 million

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Q

What is the haematocrit

A

The % of cells in the blood

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Q

What is the normal red cell count for female

A

3.8-5.8

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Q

What is the normal red cell count for males

A

4.5-6.6

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Q

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

Time it takes RBCs to settle

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Q

What are leukocyte

A

White cells

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Q

WBCs are categorised into 2 groups:

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are all

A

Granulocytes

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Q

What is the most abundant WBC

A

neutrophils

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Q

In bacterial infections …increase

A

Neutrophils

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Q

In parasitic infections or allergies (asthma) … Increase

A

Eosinophils

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Q

When do basophils levels raise

A

Chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes

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Q

Which cells increase during viral infection

A

Lymphocytes

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Q

Malaria and typhoid increase … Levels

A

Monocytes

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Q

In appendicitis … levels are raised

A

Neutrophils

Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Increase in WBC

Q

What is haemopoiesis

A

Blood cell production

Q

Where does haemopoiesis begin

A

Stem cell in bone marrow

Q

RBC production is stimulated by

A

EPO

Q

Where is EPO released from

A

Kidney

Q

How long does RBC production take

A

3-5 days

Q

What does increased reticulocyte levels in blood indicate

A

Bleed

Q

What is ahem converted to during erythrocyte recycling

A

Bilirubin

Q

Which feedback system is involved in erythrocyte homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

Q

Name 3 things needed for RBC production

A

Iron

Vit B12

Folic acid

Q

Where is excess iron stored

A

Liver

Q

What is anaemia

A

Deficiency of RBCs or of Hb in the blood

Q

What causes these symptoms:

Shortness of breath, lethargy, light headed, increased HR, tissue hypoxia, tired, pale

A

Anaemia

Q

What is globin broken into during erythropoiesis

A

Amino acids

Q

What is haemorrhagic anaemia

A

Excess loss of RBC through bleeding

Q

Which anaemia is caused by inadequate intake of vit B12 or folic acid

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Q

What is aplastic anaemia

A

Destruction of red bone marrow

Q

What is haemolytic anaemia

A

RBC plasma membrane rupture prematurely

Q

What is pernicious anaemia

A

Can’t absorb Vit B12

Q

What is macrocyctic anaemia associated with

A

Too large cells assoc. with Vit B12 and folic acid deficiency

Q

What is microcytic anaemia assoc. with

A

Too small

Iron deficiency

Q

What is normocytic anaemia assoc. with

A

Normal RBC size

Too little RBCs ie. blood loss

Q

What does hyperchromic mean

A

Increased Hb in cells, decreased no’ of cells

Q

What does hypochromic mean

A

Decreased Hb paler in colour

Q

What does normochromic mean

A

Conc. of Hb is within normal range

Q

What is the mean corpuscular volume

A

Average RBCs in sample

Q

What is the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concerntration

A

Measure of conc. of Hb

Q

What is the differential WBC count

A

Measure of % of each type of WBC

Q

What is haemostasis

A

Stop bleeding

Q

Which cells play an important role in oxygen transportation

A

Erythrocytes

Q

What are the 3 stages of haemostasis

A

Vascular spasm

Platelet plug

Coagulation

Q

What chemical do platelets release to prompt vascular spasm

A

Serotonin

Q

What is primary haemostasis

A

Platelet plug formation

Q

What feedback system is platelet plug formation

A

Positive feedback

Q

What clotting factor causes fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin

A

Thrombin

Q

What is required for coagulation pathways

A

Calcium

Q

What factor activates prothrombin activator in coagulation

A

Factor X

Q

What does prothrombin activator act on

A

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

Q

What effect does heparin have in coagulation

A

Stops the clotting/coagulation pathway

Q

What is fibrinolytic

A

Plasmin dissolves the clot

Q

Heparin blocks the action of …

A

Thrombin

Q

What antigens does type 0 blood have

A

None

Q

What antigen does type A blood have

A

Antigen A

Q

What antigen does type B blood have

A

Antigen B

Q

Which antigen does type AB blood have

A

Antigen A and B

Q

What determines blood group

A

Antigens

Q

What antibody does blood type A have

A

Antibody B

Q

What antibody does blood type B have

A

Anti-A

Q

What antibody does blood type AB have

A

None

Q

What antibody does blood type O have

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

Q

Rh+ means

A

D antigen is present

Q

What is cross matching

A

When someone is given the wrong blood group

Q

What are the symptoms of cross matching

A

Rash

Pain

Q

What is agglutination

A

Blockage of vessels

Q

What is Haemolysis

A

Free Hb can block kidney tubules

Q

… Blood can be given to anyone

A

O Rh negative

Q

What is thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel

Q

The mean cell haemoglobin is calculated as:

A

.

Q

Which test result are in the normal range for peripheral venous blood in a healthy male

A

Mean cell volume - 65fl