Blood Flashcards
0
Q
What type of tissue is blood
A
Liquid connective tissue
1
Q
What are the 3 functions of blood
A
Transport
Protection
Regulation
2
Q
What is serum
A
Plasma without clotting factors
3
Q
What is the composition of blood
A
Plasma 55%
Cells 45%
4
Q
What percentage of blood is cells
A
45%
5
Q
How many litres of blood does an adult have
A
4-6 litres
6
Q
What is viscosity
A
Thickness - resistance to flow
7
Q
What is blood osmolarity
A
The concentration
8
Q
How does blood volume affect BP
A
If the volume is high then BP is high
9
Q
What is the packed cell volume
A
Total volume of blood made from cells
10
Q
What is the haematocrit for females
A
37-47%
11
Q
What is the haematocrit for males
A
40-54%
12
Q
What does plasma contain
A
Nutrients Gases Electrolytes Hormones Proteins Waste products
13
Q
What are the plasma proteins
A
Albumin
Fibrinogen and clotting factors
Globulins
14
Q
Where is albumin produced
A
Liver
15
Q
Where are fibrinogen and clotting factors produced
A
Liver
16
Q
What are globulins
A
Immune cells
17
Q
What is another name for RBCs
A
Erythrocytes
18
Q
What is the life span of a RBC
A
120 days
19
Q
How much of a RBC is haemoglobin
A
1/3
20
Q
Where are erythrocytes broken down and recycled
A
Spleen
21
Q
Which cells contain carbonic anhydrase enzyme
A
RBC
22
Q
How many protein chains re in 1 haemoglobin
A
4 (globins)
2 alpha, 2 beta
23
Q
How many molecules of iron does 1 haemoglobin hold
A
4
24
How many O2 are there on 1 haemoglobin
4
25
Each RBC contains ... Haemoglobin a
Over 1 million
26
What is the haematocrit
The % of cells in the blood
27
What is the normal red cell count for female
3.8-5.8
28
What is the normal red cell count for males
4.5-6.6
29
What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Time it takes RBCs to settle
30
What are leukocyte
White cells
31
WBCs are categorised into 2 groups:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
32
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are all
Granulocytes
33
What is the most abundant WBC
neutrophils
34
In bacterial infections ...increase
Neutrophils
35
In parasitic infections or allergies (asthma) ... Increase
Eosinophils
36
When do basophils levels raise
Chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes
37
Which cells increase during viral infection
Lymphocytes
38
Malaria and typhoid increase ... Levels
Monocytes
39
In appendicitis ... levels are raised
Neutrophils
40
What is leukocytosis
Increase in WBC
41
What is haemopoiesis
Blood cell production
42
Where does haemopoiesis begin
Stem cell in bone marrow
43
RBC production is stimulated by
EPO
44
Where is EPO released from
Kidney
45
How long does RBC production take
3-5 days
46
What does increased reticulocyte levels in blood indicate
Bleed
47
What is ahem converted to during erythrocyte recycling
Bilirubin
48
Which feedback system is involved in erythrocyte homeostasis
Negative feedback
49
Name 3 things needed for RBC production
Iron
Vit B12
Folic acid
50
Where is excess iron stored
Liver
51
What is anaemia
Deficiency of RBCs or of Hb in the blood
52
What causes these symptoms:
| Shortness of breath, lethargy, light headed, increased HR, tissue hypoxia, tired, pale
Anaemia
53
What is globin broken into during erythropoiesis
Amino acids
54
What is haemorrhagic anaemia
Excess loss of RBC through bleeding
55
Which anaemia is caused by inadequate intake of vit B12 or folic acid
Megaloblastic anaemia
56
What is aplastic anaemia
Destruction of red bone marrow
57
What is haemolytic anaemia
RBC plasma membrane rupture prematurely
58
What is pernicious anaemia
Can't absorb Vit B12
59
What is macrocyctic anaemia associated with
Too large cells assoc. with Vit B12 and folic acid deficiency
60
What is microcytic anaemia assoc. with
Too small
Iron deficiency
61
What is normocytic anaemia assoc. with
Normal RBC size
Too little RBCs ie. blood loss
62
What does hyperchromic mean
Increased Hb in cells, decreased no' of cells
63
What does hypochromic mean
Decreased Hb paler in colour
64
What does normochromic mean
Conc. of Hb is within normal range
65
What is the mean corpuscular volume
Average RBCs in sample
66
What is the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concerntration
Measure of conc. of Hb
67
What is the differential WBC count
Measure of % of each type of WBC
68
What is haemostasis
Stop bleeding
69
Which cells play an important role in oxygen transportation
Erythrocytes
70
What are the 3 stages of haemostasis
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
Coagulation
71
What chemical do platelets release to prompt vascular spasm
Serotonin
72
What is primary haemostasis
Platelet plug formation
73
What feedback system is platelet plug formation
Positive feedback
74
What clotting factor causes fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin
Thrombin
75
What is required for coagulation pathways
Calcium
76
What factor activates prothrombin activator in coagulation
Factor X
77
What does prothrombin activator act on
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
78
What effect does heparin have in coagulation
Stops the clotting/coagulation pathway
79
What is fibrinolytic
Plasmin dissolves the clot
80
Heparin blocks the action of ...
Thrombin
81
What antigens does type 0 blood have
None
82
What antigen does type A blood have
Antigen A
83
What antigen does type B blood have
Antigen B
84
Which antigen does type AB blood have
Antigen A and B
85
What determines blood group
Antigens
86
What antibody does blood type A have
Antibody B
87
What antibody does blood type B have
Anti-A
88
What antibody does blood type AB have
None
89
What antibody does blood type O have
Anti-A and Anti-B
90
Rh+ means
D antigen is present
91
What is cross matching
When someone is given the wrong blood group
92
What are the symptoms of cross matching
Rash
Pain
93
What is agglutination
Blockage of vessels
94
What is Haemolysis
Free Hb can block kidney tubules
95
... Blood can be given to anyone
O Rh negative
96
What is thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel
97
The mean cell haemoglobin is calculated as:
.
98
Which test result are in the normal range for peripheral venous blood in a healthy male
Mean cell volume - 65fl
