water and ion balance

Question 1

What are the three homeostatic processes?

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Answer 1

Osmotic regulation
- osmotic pressure of body fluid

Ionic regulation - concentrations of specific ions

Nitrogen excretion
-excretion of end-products of protein metabolism

Question 2

Ionic and osmotic challenges

Marine environments

Answer 2

animals tend to gain salts and lose water

Question 3

Ionic and osmotic challenges

freshwater environments

Answer 3

animals tend to lose salt and gain waer

Question 4

Ionic and osmotic challenges

terrestrial environments

Answer 4

animals tend to lose water

Question 5

Ionic and osmotic challenges

what must animals that move between environments do?

Answer 5

be able to alter their homeostatic mechanisms

Question 6

Osmotic regulation

strategies to meet osmotic challenges?

what are the two types?

Answer 6

osmoconformer

osmoregulator

Question 7

Osmotic regulation

strategies to meet osmotic challenges?

osmoconformer

Answer 7

internal and external osmolarity similar

for example marine invertebrates

Question 8

Osmotic regulation

strategies to meet osmotic challenges?

osmoregulator

Answer 8

osmolarity constant regardless of external environment

example more vertebrates

Question 9

Ion regulation

strategies to meet ionic challanges

two types

Answer 9

ionoconformer

ionregulator

Question 10

Ion regulation

strategies to meet ionic challanges

ionoconformer

Answer 10

exert little control over ion profile within the extracellular space

exclusively found in marine animals for example many invertebrates

Question 11

Ion regulation

strategies to meet ionic challanges

ionregulators

Answer 11

control ion profile of extracellular space

for example most vertebrates

Question 12

More comples than a cluster of cells then your body will have fluid compartments

Total body water=

water inside cells =

water outside cell=

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Answer 12

TBW - 50-70% of BW

ICF-2/3

ECF-1/3

Question 13

Cell volume

cells transport solutes in and out of extracellular fluid to control what?

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Answer 13

cell volume

water follows solutes by osmosis

Question 14

Animals regulate composition of the ECF to provide cells with what?

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Answer 14

provide cells with external solution that allows them to maintain appropriate cell volume

Question 15

cell volume regulation

a change in cell volume can arise in response to what?

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Answer 15

environmental osmotic stress

this could be deteimental beacuse cell swelling from severely hypotonic environment can cause cells to explode

Question 16

cell volume regulation

cells control their volume how?
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Answer 16

by regulating solutes across the plasma membrane

Question 17

cell volume regulation

regulatory volume increase

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Answer 17

importing ions, influx of water

Question 18

cell volume regulation

regulatory volume decrease

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Answer 18

exporting ions, efflux of water

Question 19

Epithelial tissue does what?

Answer 19

forms boundary between animal and environment

Question 20

Epithelial tissue

external surface

Answer 20

skin

Question 21

Epithelial tissue

internalized surface

Answer 21

lumen of digestive, excretory system, kidney

Question 22

Epithelial tissue have what physiological function?

Answer 22

respiration, digestion, and ion and waer regulation

Question 23

integument: Osmotic barrier

animal change flux of water across bodysurface by mediating waht?

Answer 23

permeability of the integument

Question 24

integument: Osmotic barrier

What do aquaporin proteins do?

Answer 24

proteins increase water permeability 100-fold, so reduce number of aquaporins in skin

Question 25

integument: Osmotic barrier

typically animals need to reduce water flux how do they do this?

Answer 25

cover external surfaces with layers of hydrophobic molecules

sucha as:

mucus

conified stratum corneum with keratin

hydrophobic matrix or keratin and lipids- hydrophobic barrier

cuticle with chitin (arthropods)

Question 26

epithelial tissue properties for ion movement

epithelia tissue also plays a important role in what?

Answer 26

transport of ions (digestive tract, kidneys, gills)

Question 27

epithelial tissue properties for ion movement

four freatures of transport epithelia?

Answer 27

asymmetrical distribution of membrane transport
-solutes selectivelu transport across membrane

cells interconnected to form impermeable sheet of tissue
-little leakage between cells

high cell diversity within tissue

abundant mitochondria
-large energy (ATP) supply

Question 28

Solute movement

what are the two main routes of transport that epithelial cells use?
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Answer 28

trancellular transport

paracellular transport

Question 29

Solute movement

what is transcellular transport?
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Answer 29

movement through the cell across membranes

Question 30

Solute movement

paracellular transport?
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Answer 30

movement between cells

leaky vs. tight epithelia

Question 31

Solute movement

five types of transporters
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Answer 31

• Na/Katpase-HUGE consumer of ATP
• other ATPase
• Ion channels (Cl,K,Na)
• Electroneutral cotransporters
• electroneutral exchangers

Question 32

Epithelial cells in fish gills

what are fish gills composed of?

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Answer 32

Cholride cells (PNA+)
-large mitochondria rich cells

Pavement cells
-some mitochondria rich (PNA-)

-some mitochondria poor (PNA-)

transport likely carried out by mitochondria-rich cells

Question 33

Digestive epithelia

water and salts from drinking and foood is transported across what?

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Answer 33

digestive epithelium

transcellular and paracellular transport involved

absorbed water and salts enter blood

some waste products excreted ( From liver via bile)

Question 34

who is the smartest, most motivated, best looking Bio 365 student

Answer 34

you are :)

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