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BIO 365 > Nervous system part 1 > Flashcards

Nervous system part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Afferent neurons are what?

A

Sensory

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2
Q

Efferent Neurons are what?

A

motor

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3
Q

Most nervous system are organized into three divisions

A

Afferent, Efferent, integration

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4
Q

What organisms are the excepton to the three division rule?

A

Cnidarians

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5
Q

Cniarians have what type of nervous system?

A

Nerve net

neurons are not specialized

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6
Q

What is different about Cnidarians AP’s

A

They travel in both directions

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7
Q

What is different about Cnidarians neurons?

A

not specifically sensory or motor

but can still perform complex behavior

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8
Q

Cephalization occurs in most animals and is more apparent in more complex nervous systems what are two exceptions?

A

Cnidarians and Echinoderms

both lack cephalization

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9
Q

What is different about more complex organisms neurons?

A

they have more neurons and more synapses

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10
Q

What does increased synapses allow?

A

increases number of synapses allow for more integration of information and more complex behaviour

since memories are stored in synapses, a complex nervous system also allows for greater potential for learning

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11
Q

The vertebrate central nervous system:

What are some characteristics?

(4)

A

high degree of cephalization

unique in having a hollow dorsal nerve cord

part of the nervous system is encased within cartilage or bone (CNS-brain and spinal cord)

part of the nervous system extends to the periphery of the body (PNS nerves outside of the CNS)

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12
Q

Cranial and spinal nerve:

where does it exit from, how many pairs, what type of signals?

A

directly from skull

13 pairs

afferent and efferent signals

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13
Q

Spinal nerve:

Where does it branch off from?

A

branch from spinal cord

enter and exit between adjacent vertebrae

named based on region of vertebral column from which they emerge

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14
Q

What is grey mater?

A

neuronal cell bodies

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15
Q

What is white matter?

A

tracts of axons and their myelin sheaths

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16
Q

where is the white matter and grey matter located in spinal chord?

A

white matter on surface and grey matter inside

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17
Q

where is the white matter and grey matter located in cerebral cortex

A

grey matter on surface

white matter inside

18
Q

Characteristics of Meninges?

2

A

connective tissue that surround brain and spinal cord

number of menings vary across taxa

19
Q

Characteristics of CSF?

A

fills spaces within the CNS and acts as shock absorber

20
Q

Characteristics of BBB

A

tight junctions in brain capillary endothelium astrocytes endfeet pericytes limit the passage of solutes from bloodstream into CSF protects brain from harmful substances

transporters for glucose and AA

except pineal gland, pituitary and parts of hypothalamus are permeable

21
Q

What are the three main regions in the brain?

A

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

22
Q

What are the ventricals in the brain?

A

Cavities inside brain filled with CSF

ciliated ependymal cells, lining the ventricles circulate the CSF

23
Q

What are the three regions of the Rhombencephalon ( Hidbrain )

A

Pons

cerebellum

medula

24
Q

What does the pons do?

A

located rostral to medulla

pathway between medulla, cerebellum, and forebrain

controls alertness, initiates sleep and dreaming

linked to cerebellum: motor control

25
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

two hem. at back of brain

responsible for motor coordination

contains half of the neurons in the brain!! (woah)

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the Medulla?

A

Located at the top of spinal cord

regulates breathing, heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, blood pressure

contains pathways from spine to brain

many cross overs (L –>R)

27
Q

What is the midbrains function?

A

Primary center for coordination and initiating reflex responses to auditory and visual information in fish and amphibians

28
Q

What is the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory input

29
Q

What is the superior colliculi?

A

visual input

30
Q

What changes about the midbrain in mammals?

A

size and function is reduced compared to amphibians

31
Q

What process is the forebrain involved in?

A

Involved in processing and intergrating sensory info, and coordinating behavior

32
Q

What are the main regions of the forebrain?

A

limbic system

hypothalamus

thalamus

hippocampus

cerebrum

33
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

what do the left and right sides do

A

Outer layer in the cortex

divided into two hem.

left side- controls right side

right side- controls left side

neurons innervate the opposite side via corpus callosum

34
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Located at base of forebrain (under thalamus)

helps maintain homeostasis (Body temp, thirst, hunger)

feeding fucking

interacts with automonic system

regulated secretion via pituitary hormones

35
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

network of connected structures that lie between the cortex and the rest of the brain

influences emotions, motivation, memory

36
Q

What are the 5 parts that make up the limbic system?

A

Amygdala- aggression and fear response

hippocampus- converts short term memory to long-term memory

olfactory bulbs- smell

Nucleus accumbens- reward, addiction

Cingulate cortex- executive function of brain, decision making, motivation and planning

37
Q

Characteristics of the thalamus?

A

Large grouping of grey matter above hypothalamus

receives input from limbic system and all senses except olfaction

relays sensory info to cortex;auditory, visual, somatosensory, visceral

major rol in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the cortex?

A

Intergrates and interprets sensory info

initiates voluntary movement

has taken over many of the midbrain functions of lower vertebrates

Contains ISOCORTEX- necessary for cognition and higher brain functions

39
Q

What are Gyri?

A

Folds

40
Q

What are sulci?

A

grooves

41
Q

How many cortical layers?

how do the layer differ?

where are pyramidal neurons located?

what form the local connections?

A

6

differ in shape and density

2/3, 5, 6

interneurons

42
Q

How are the cortical lobes named?

A

According to the function or overlying bone of the skull

BIO 365 (28 decks)

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