endocrinology part 2 Flashcards
Type 1 diabetes mellitus:
what is it?
what cells are destroyed
Abnormally high blood glucose levels
affects 1-2 in 10,000
insulin dependent
Beta cells are destroyed - autoimmune disease
T cell lymohocyte mediated
lack of insulin
alpha cells spared
present in young ppl
Types 2 diabetes mellitus:
80-90% diabetics
onset middle age
85% obese
insulin resistance due impaired signal transduction mechanism of insulin receptor
beta cells are unresponsive to elevated blood glucose
Control of Glucose levels in Arthropods:
Where is nerohormone from?
secretion in response to what?
CHH binds to what receptor?
what causes signalling path to release glucose (what type of feedback)
what is the positive feedback?
eyestalk
low blood glucose
receptor guanylate cyclase
elevated cGMP
glycolysis and lactate release which stimulates CHH release
Vertebrate stress response:
what happens when they sense a threat?
what is the interaction between nervous and endocrine system?
flight of flight
sympathetic nervouse system
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex or HPA axis
Vertebrate stress response : sympathetic NS
what happens when the sense organs detect stress? (6)
Activation of sympathetic nerves
increase heart rate, respiration, dilation of airway
decrease secretion of insulin from pancreas
increase secretion of glucagon from pancres
increase secretion of epinephrine from adrenal medullla
increase in blood glucose level
Vertebrate stress response : HPA axis
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
what is the function of;
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
adrenal cortex
hypo: secretes corticotropin- releaseing hormone (CRH)
secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
secretes cortisol
stimulates target cell to increase blood glucose
Additivity and synergism:
what is thte characteristics of additivity?
response of the target cell to combinations of the hormones is addivite
meaning that the changes in response to the individual hormone is equal to the changes of the hormones combined
Additivity and synergism:
what are the characteristics of synergism?
When a hormone enhances affect of other hormones
response of target cell to combinations of these hormones more than additive
ex cortisol
adrenal cortex
adrenal meduall
cortisol aldosterone
epinephrine
