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BIO 365 > endocrinology part 1 > Flashcards

endocrinology part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Physiological processes are regulated with ranges -feedback loop and + feedback loop

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2
Q

What is direct feedback regulation?

A

Involves release of hormone by endocrine glad

no involvement of nervous system in regulation

atrial natriuretic peptide

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3
Q

What are examples of direct feedback regulation? (1)

A

stretch sensitive cells of atrium lowers bp

negative feedback

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4
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

secretes many hormones

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5
Q

What are the two distinct anatomic sections of the pituitary?

A
  • anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

- posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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6
Q

What is the posterior pituitary an extension of?

A

the hypothalamus

neurons that originate in the hypothalamus terminate in the posterior pituitary

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7
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin(involved in water retention)

packaged in vesicles

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8
Q

what is an example of the hypothalamus asking as a first order endocrine athway ?

A

receives sensory input

hypo. serves as intigration center

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9
Q

What does oxytocin regulate?

A

uterine contractions
more stretching in contractions means more oxytocin release

positive feedback loop

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10
Q

the path for a hormone to get to the Anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus synthesize and secretes neurohormone –> hypothalamic pituitary portal system –> anterior pituitary release hormones

at least a second or third order anything at effects anterior pituitary

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11
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

one hormone causes the release of another hormone

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12
Q

The pancreas is involved in what

A

regulation of blood glucose

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13
Q

Regulation of Blood glucose is performed by what?

A

insulin and Glucagon

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14
Q

What is insulin and Glucagon regulated by?

A

The pancreas via Direct feedback loop

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15
Q

What is antagonistic paring?

A

Homrmones that have opposing effects

ex insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

The Pancreas:

waht is the exocrine function?

A

secretes digestive enzymes

17
Q

The Pancreas:

what is the endocrine function?

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon

18
Q

The Pancreas:
what are the Islets of Langerhans?

what do the beta cells do?

what do the alpha cells do?

A

Cells of pancreas with endocrine function

beta: secret insulin

alpha secrete glucagon

19
Q

Secretion of Insulin and its action:

When is insulin secreted?

A

What glucose is elevated

20
Q

Secretion of Insulin and its action:

when glucose is transported into beta cells (GLUT2) what happens? (6)

A
  • increase intracellular ATP
  • shuts doen ATP dependent K channels
  • depolarizes cell and activates voltage gated ca channel
  • causes cesicle fusion and insulin secretion into blood
  • insulin binds to insulin receptor (RTK)
  • signal transduction results in phosphorylation of intracellular glucose transporters (GLUT4)- cell surface translocation
21
Q

Secretion of Glucagon and its action:

when is it secreted?

A

when blood glucose is low

22
Q

Secretion of Glucagon and its action:

Glucagon binds to what receptor?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

23
Q

Secretion of Glucagon and its action:

when glucagon has bound to receptor what does it stimulate? (2)

A

Adenylate cyclase signal transduction

PKA

24
Q

Secretion of Glucagon and its action:

What does PKA do?

A

Phosphorylates Glycogen phophorylase kinase

25
Q

Secretion of Glucagon and its action:

What does GPK lead to?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to Glucose

26
Q

Secretion of Glucagon and its action:

what are the processes and where is glucose released from?

A

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis
released from GLUT2

27
Q

Why can glucose not penetrate cell membrane?

A

due to it being hydrophilic

28
Q

Resting level of glucose

after feeding level of glucose

A

4-6mM

9-11mM

29
Q

Where is GLUT1 and GLUT3 found

A

GLUT1- All tissue

GLUT3 - Brain

Both work constantly and express well on cell surface

30
Q

GLUT4 characteristics

how is it phosphorylated?

A

Large intracellular pool in muscle and fat tissue

insulin signal transduction phosphorylates it

Glut4 translocates to cell surface

31
Q

GLUT2: where is it expressed

A

Expressed well on cell surface in pancreatic beta cells, liver

Bidirectional transporter

32
Q

What stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis

A

Glucagon

33
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Prolactin and CSH

BIO 365 (28 decks)

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