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BIO 365 > digestion part 2 > Flashcards

digestion part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are simple lipids and what are compound lipids?

A

simple: fatty acids, triacylyglycerol, sterols
compound: phospholipids, lipoproteins

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2
Q

Triacylglycerols

characteristics?

A

most stored body fat is in this form

FFA broken down from glycerol by lipases

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3
Q

fatty acid characteristics?

A

saturated: no carbon carbon double bond

unsaturated (mono or poly) carbon-carbon double bond

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4
Q

Fatty acids:

animals can make fatty acids from what?

A

acetyl CoA

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5
Q

Fatty acids:

what can animals not produce enough of?

A

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

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6
Q

Fatty acid:

omega 6 must be ingested as waht?

A

gamma-linoleic acid

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7
Q

omega-3 fatty acid must be ingested as what?

A

alpha-linolenic acid

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8
Q

Phospholipids:

characteristics

A

dominant biological membranes - two classes in animal cells

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9
Q

what are the two classes of phospholipids?

A

phosphoglycerides:

  • constructed from diacylglycerol
  • polar group on third carbon

sphingolipids:
-sphingosine backbone

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10
Q

What are phospholipids broken down by?

A

phospholipase

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11
Q

what are sphiinggolipids broken down by?

A

sphingolipase

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12
Q

LIPIDS:

digestion and import of lipids is complicated by what?

A

hydrophobicity

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13
Q

GI tract secretes what that emusifies lipids into small drolets(micelles)?

A

bile

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14
Q

dietary fats are broken down into what?

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides-lipases

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15
Q

lipases is secreted by what?

A

pancrease

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16
Q

lipids diffuse across cell membrane into what?

A

enterocyte

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17
Q

Transport of lipids depend on what?

A

physical properties

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18
Q

Short chains of fatty acids and glycerols are transported in what?

A

blood

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19
Q

longer chain fatty acids, monoacylglycerides, triglycerides and cholesterol is transported how?

A

first packaged in the smooth ER and golgi with protein coats- chylomicrons(lipoproteins)

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20
Q

what do chylomicrons do?

A

released in lymphatic system then in circulatory system- lipoprotein lipase break down triglycerides and used by tissue

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21
Q

lipoproteins in the blood:

how are lipids carried in the blood?

A

carried as lipoprotein complexes

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22
Q

when carbohydrate and fat intake exceceeds energy demand what happens?

A

the liver produces and exports it to other tissues for storage in the form of lipoproteins

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23
Q

Gastrointestinal tract:

one way gut- characteristics

A

one way gut

specialized regions

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24
Q

Gastrointestinal tract:

mechanical breakdown of food occurs where?

A

mouth, pharynx and esophagus

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25
Q

Gastrointestinal tract:

stomach has what?

A

acidic compartment

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26
Q

Gastrointestinal tract:

upper or small intestine

A

digestion and absorption

27
Q

Gastrointestinal tract:

lower or large intestine

A

absorption of water

28
Q

Gastrointestinal tract:

anus

A

release of indigestible material

29
Q

Teeth:

whata re the four types?

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

30
Q

teeth:

shape of teeth relects what?

A

type of diet

31
Q

teeth:

incisors and canines are for what?

A

piercing and tearing flesh

32
Q

Salivary Glands:

where do the multicellular exocrine glands open to?

A

into the mouth

33
Q

what does saliva do? (5)

A

lubricates food

dissolves food so nutrients can bind to gustatory receptors

cleanses the mouth with antimicrobial properites

contains enzymes that initiate digestion

salivation is controlled by nerve signals

34
Q

Parasympathetic nerve stimulates what?

A

ssalivation

35
Q

sympathetic nerve does what?

A

inhibits salivation

36
Q

Gut formation:

what is the gut derived from?

A

endoderm

37
Q

What are the threee regions of the gut?

A

foregut

midgut

hindgut

38
Q

Characteristics of the Foregut?

A

esophagus, stomach and the anterior section of the duodenum

forms buds that become the pancreas and liver

39
Q

characteristics of the midgut

A

posterior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and 2/3 colon

40
Q

characteristics of the Hindgut?

A

final third of colon and rectum

41
Q

Surface area:

in most animals nutriets and hydrolyzed where?

A

in the lumen of the GI tract

42
Q

how is nutrients taken up?

A

by cells lining the gut

43
Q

nutrient uptake is improved how?

A

increasing surface area in two ways:

increasing length of gut

increasing surface undulation (circular folds, villi, microvilli)

44
Q

Specialized compartments:

what do these do?

A

increase efficiency of digestion

45
Q

compartments have functional specializations suce as differences in what?

A

PH, enzymes, Types of secretory and absorptive cells

46
Q

muscular vales (sphincters) control what?

A

passage of food from one compartment to the next

47
Q

complexity of gut morphology varies across taxa and reflects what?

A

complexity of the diet and ease of digestion

48
Q

Ruminants:

this does what?

A

some mammals possess modifications that improve the digestion of plant materials

49
Q

Stomach:

surface in composed of waht?

A

columnar epithelial cells

50
Q

what do tight junctions do?

A

prevent leakage across epithelium

51
Q

Mucous neck cells do what?

A

secrete mucus

52
Q

parietal cells do what?q

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

53
Q

Chief cells do what?

A

secrete the protease pepsin

54
Q

enteroendrocrine cells do what?

A

secretes hormones into the blood eg. gastrin

55
Q

Intestines:

most nutrients are absorbed in the intestines four layers, what are they?

A

mucosa

submucosa (blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves)

circular smooth muscle

longitudinal smooth muscle

56
Q

Villi of the intestine

Enterocytes do waht?

A

absorptive cells with microvilli

57
Q

Villi of the intestine

goblet cells do what?

A

secrete mucus

58
Q

Villi of the intestine

enteroendocrine cells do what?

A

secretes homromes

59
Q

Villi of the intestine

paneth cells do what?

A

secretes antimicrobial molecules (lysozyme)

60
Q

Villi of the intestine

crypt of lieberkuhn

A

secretes sucrase, maltase, lactase, peptidase

61
Q

Absorption of peptides:

protein digestion yeilds what?

A

peptides and AA

62
Q

Absorption of peptides:

peptides and AA and absorbed into what?

A

the enterocyte of the small intestine

63
Q

Peptides are transported across what?

A

across the apical membrane of the enterocyte by transport systems different than those of AA

BIO 365 (28 decks)

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