W1 cardiac anatomy and physiology

Question 1

where is heart located

Answer 1

mediastinum- in thoracic cavity posterior to the sternum and between lungs, directly superior to diaphragm

Question 2

pericardium of heart

Answer 2

double walled outer sac of heart
outer layer is known as the fibrous pericardium and it connects and anchors heart to surrounding structure
inner layer is serous pericardium and that consists of the parietal layer (lines inside of serous ) and the visceral layer ( touches heart so most inside)

Question 3

pericardial cavity

Answer 3

divides the parietal and visceral pericardium of the serous pericardial layer and it contains pericardial fluid which lubricates

Question 4

layers of heart

Answer 4

endocardium innermost layer of heart and it consist of endothelial tissue
myocardium is the middle layer of heart and it is made of cardiac muscle this thang pumps
epicardium is the outer most layer and its also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium it consists of squamous epithelium ** so the visceral pericardium in the serous pericardial layer is also just known as the third most layer of the heart

Question 5

chambers of heat

Answer 5

right atrium -receive deoxygenated blood from body
right ventricle-pump deoxygenated blood to lungs
left atrium- receive oxygenated blood from lungs
left ventricle- pump oxygenated blood to body
*** when looking at a diagram its like a mirror image so your right of the page is labelled as the left

Question 6

septa

Answer 6

intertribal septum and iterventricular septum divide the right chambers from left chambers

Question 7

fibrous skeleton

Answer 7

connective tissue that separates the atria from ventricle– they also insulate =so that the electric impulses from atria do not impact ventricles

Question 8

heart valves

Answer 8

four one way valves

atrrioventicular valves-2
tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventrical

mitral valve- between the left atrium and left ventricle

semilunar valves-2
pulmonary valve- located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic valve left ventricle and aorta

so two genres of valves: atrioventricular and these separate the atria from ventricles and then the semilunar which separate the left and right ventricles from what they are pumping into

Question 9

chord tendineae

Answer 9

strings attach to the atrioventricular valves and prevent blood re enter atria while ventricles contraction
these are attached to papillary muscles and they are projections of cardiac muscle that attach to the stingy guys

Question 10

cardiac cycle

Answer 10

beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next, there are two parts to it

systole- contraction
diastole-relaxation

Question 11

circulatory system composed of

Answer 11

pulmonary circulation-deoxygenated blood to lungs and returns oxygenated blood to heart
systemic circulation- carries oxygenated blood to rest of body and deoxygenated blood from body back to heart

Question 12

pulmonary circulation

Answer 12

vein (superior vena cave, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus** return deoxygenated blood from heart)- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries- lungs(gas exchange)- pulmonary veins-left atrium

Question 13

weird vein artery rule about lungs

Answer 13

pulmonary vein is only vein that carries oxygenated blood to heart, pulmonary artery is only artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from heart

Question 14

systemic circulation

Answer 14

left atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- branches into three(left common carotid artery goes to brain, left subclavian artery-arms,innominate artery-upper chest)- aorta divides into iliac arteries-femoral arteries- arteriole capillaries- venous capillaries -venules- veins- superior or inferior vena cava- right atrium.

Question 15

the entire order of circulation system

Answer 15

left atrium-left ventricle -aorta- major arteries-minor arterties- arterioles- arterial capillaries-body cells -venous capilaries- venues- minor veins-major veins- superior inferior coronary sinus-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary arteries- lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium

Question 16

coronary circulation

Answer 16

heart circulation
coronary arteries branch off from aorta
** cells in myocardium contain myoglobin which stores oxygen so when heart contracts it is constantly supplied with oxygen so it can keep on keeping on
myoglobin makes the heart a deep purple colour

Question 17

structure of blood vessels

Answer 17

arteries - 3 layer of tunics- middle layer very thick with a lot of elastic tissue to withstand pressure
veins -three layers but thin and have valves so blood doesn’t go backwards
capillaries one layer of endothelium

Question 18

main blood vessels for phlebotomy in best order

Answer 18

medium or medium cubital
cephalic
basilic

Question 19

why do we use median or median cubital

Answer 19

larger
closer to surface of skin
more stationary
less painful
nerds less likely to be damaged if the needle is placed not well
they lie over a fibrous membrane which offers protection to underlying nerves and arteries
in the middle of the antecubital fossa area

Question 20

what is elbow pitt called where you take blood

Answer 20

antecubital fossa area

Question 21

why don’t you use basilic vein?

Answer 21

it is only used as a last resort because the bracheal artery is found close to the basilic vein and if you poke it it could just cause a bruise or serious nerve damage due to hematoma
it is also close to the cutaneous nerve, to be more precise the medial ante brachial cutaneus nerve
** the lateral antebracheal cutaneous nerve is under the medial cubital vein

Question 22

tendon in antecubital fossa area

Answer 22

identify by asking patient to flex and move arm. it doesn’t feel bouncy like a vein

Question 23

blood consists of

Answer 23

two portions
formed elements-erythrocytes, leukocytes. and platlets
plasma- water, plasma proteins, and clotting factors also glucose and sodium
if the blood is removed from body coagulation factors will be activated and clotting will occur this results in serum which is the same as plasma without clotting factors and a clot or a fibrin clot with entrapped cells

Question 24

coagulation

Answer 24

damage to platelets or tissue then the clotting factors are activated this requires calcium then thrombin then fibrinogen then the fibrin clot is a clot

Question 25

plasma specimens

Answer 25

collected in a tube with an anticoagulant present which would be lavender or light blue – presence of anti thrombin which would be herapin. or EDTA an also sodium citrate prevents the blood from clotting by heating calcium

Question 26

serum specimen

Answer 26

collected in non additive tubes and allow clot to form this would be red or gold tubes