W1 cardiac anatomy and physiology Flashcards
where is heart located
mediastinum- in thoracic cavity posterior to the sternum and between lungs, directly superior to diaphragm
pericardium of heart
double walled outer sac of heart
outer layer is known as the fibrous pericardium and it connects and anchors heart to surrounding structure
inner layer is serous pericardium and that consists of the parietal layer (lines inside of serous ) and the visceral layer ( touches heart so most inside)
pericardial cavity
divides the parietal and visceral pericardium of the serous pericardial layer and it contains pericardial fluid which lubricates
layers of heart
endocardium innermost layer of heart and it consist of endothelial tissue
myocardium is the middle layer of heart and it is made of cardiac muscle this thang pumps
epicardium is the outer most layer and its also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium it consists of squamous epithelium ** so the visceral pericardium in the serous pericardial layer is also just known as the third most layer of the heart
chambers of heat
right atrium -receive deoxygenated blood from body
right ventricle-pump deoxygenated blood to lungs
left atrium- receive oxygenated blood from lungs
left ventricle- pump oxygenated blood to body
*** when looking at a diagram its like a mirror image so your right of the page is labelled as the left
septa
intertribal septum and iterventricular septum divide the right chambers from left chambers
fibrous skeleton
connective tissue that separates the atria from ventricle– they also insulate =so that the electric impulses from atria do not impact ventricles
heart valves
four one way valves
atrrioventicular valves-2
tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventrical
mitral valve- between the left atrium and left ventricle
semilunar valves-2
pulmonary valve- located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
aortic valve left ventricle and aorta
so two genres of valves: atrioventricular and these separate the atria from ventricles and then the semilunar which separate the left and right ventricles from what they are pumping into
chord tendineae
strings attach to the atrioventricular valves and prevent blood re enter atria while ventricles contraction
these are attached to papillary muscles and they are projections of cardiac muscle that attach to the stingy guys
cardiac cycle
beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next, there are two parts to it
systole- contraction
diastole-relaxation
circulatory system composed of
pulmonary circulation-deoxygenated blood to lungs and returns oxygenated blood to heart
systemic circulation- carries oxygenated blood to rest of body and deoxygenated blood from body back to heart
pulmonary circulation
vein (superior vena cave, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus** return deoxygenated blood from heart)- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries- lungs(gas exchange)- pulmonary veins-left atrium
weird vein artery rule about lungs
pulmonary vein is only vein that carries oxygenated blood to heart, pulmonary artery is only artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from heart
systemic circulation
left atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- branches into three(left common carotid artery goes to brain, left subclavian artery-arms,innominate artery-upper chest)- aorta divides into iliac arteries-femoral arteries- arteriole capillaries- venous capillaries -venules- veins- superior or inferior vena cava- right atrium.
the entire order of circulation system
left atrium-left ventricle -aorta- major arteries-minor arterties- arterioles- arterial capillaries-body cells -venous capilaries- venues- minor veins-major veins- superior inferior coronary sinus-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary arteries- lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium
coronary circulation
heart circulation
coronary arteries branch off from aorta
** cells in myocardium contain myoglobin which stores oxygen so when heart contracts it is constantly supplied with oxygen so it can keep on keeping on
myoglobin makes the heart a deep purple colour
structure of blood vessels
arteries - 3 layer of tunics- middle layer very thick with a lot of elastic tissue to withstand pressure
veins -three layers but thin and have valves so blood doesn’t go backwards
capillaries one layer of endothelium
main blood vessels for phlebotomy in best order
medium or medium cubital
cephalic
basilic
why do we use median or median cubital
larger
closer to surface of skin
more stationary
less painful
nerds less likely to be damaged if the needle is placed not well
they lie over a fibrous membrane which offers protection to underlying nerves and arteries
in the middle of the antecubital fossa area
what is elbow pitt called where you take blood
antecubital fossa area
why don’t you use basilic vein?
it is only used as a last resort because the bracheal artery is found close to the basilic vein and if you poke it it could just cause a bruise or serious nerve damage due to hematoma
it is also close to the cutaneous nerve, to be more precise the medial ante brachial cutaneus nerve
** the lateral antebracheal cutaneous nerve is under the medial cubital vein
tendon in antecubital fossa area
identify by asking patient to flex and move arm. it doesn’t feel bouncy like a vein
blood consists of
two portions
formed elements-erythrocytes, leukocytes. and platlets
plasma- water, plasma proteins, and clotting factors also glucose and sodium
if the blood is removed from body coagulation factors will be activated and clotting will occur this results in serum which is the same as plasma without clotting factors and a clot or a fibrin clot with entrapped cells
coagulation
damage to platelets or tissue then the clotting factors are activated this requires calcium then thrombin then fibrinogen then the fibrin clot is a clot
plasma specimens
collected in a tube with an anticoagulant present which would be lavender or light blue – presence of anti thrombin which would be herapin. or EDTA an also sodium citrate prevents the blood from clotting by heating calcium
serum specimen
collected in non additive tubes and allow clot to form this would be red or gold tubes
