w/c 26/02 Flashcards
what are some causes of macrocephaly
meningitis
traumatic brain injury
haemorrhage
whats gold standard emergency contraception?
IUD
whats the difference between IUD and IUS
IUS= mirena/hormonal coil
IUD= copper coil (not hormonal)
out of IUD and IUS which is hormonal?
IUS
in the first stage of labour what is an appropriate rate and duration for contractions
rate= 3-5/10 mins
duration= 30-60 seconds
what do you need to monitor in molar pregnancy and why?
bHCG
to ensure all contents are expelled as retained products will increase risk of developing choriocarcinoma
and what time should women with gestational diabetes deliver?
no later than 40+6 weeks
what class of medications will cause the ductus arteriosus to close vs stay open? give examples of both
close= prostaglandin inhibitor eg indomethacin
stay open= prostaglandin E1 eg alprostadil
how is pain in endometriosis managed?
COCP or POP
what organism commonly causes bartholins cyst?
e coli
what is seen on x ray in rickets?
widened epiphyseal plates
what acronym is used for remembering innocent murmurs?
6 S:
short
soft
systolic
S1 normal
S2 normal
standing/sitting
what is fitz hugh curtis syndrome and how does it present?
a complication of PID
adhesions form due to inflammation of the liver capsule
upper right quadrant pain, shoulder tip pain, previously untreated STI
what are sx of vulval cancer?
mass, pruritus, bleeding, burning
where are vulval cancers commonly found?
labia majora
what are rf for vulval cancer?
HPV
chronic inflammation eg lichen sclerosus
what is first line contraception for a women with menorrhagia but no pathology?
doesnt want to get pregnant= IUS
wants to get pregnant= mefanamic/tranexamic acid
when are abx given in GBS infection?
intrapartum
what does parvovirus b19 infection during pregnancy cause?
hydrops fetalis
how does parvovirus b19 infection present?
bright red rash across cheeks, reticular rash across body
whats an advantage of dermal hrt compared to tablets?
no increased risk of VTE
what score is used for IOL? what does it look at
bishop score
looks at the cervix
what bishop score indicates labour is unlikely to occur without induction?
5
what are the 5 components of the bishop score?
cervix:
position
consistency
effacement
dilation
station
how many presentations of tonsilitis are needed for tonsillectomy in:
a single year
over 2 years
over 3 yrs
single yr= 7
over 2 years= 5 per year
over 3 years= 3 per year
when should a child be admitted for anaphylaxis and why?
always admit for at least 6 hrs
anaphylaxis can occur as a biphasic reaction with the second phase in 4-6 hrs
whats the difference between CIN grade 1 vs 2 vs 3
1= affects lower 1/3 of epithelium or less
2= affects between 1/3 and 2/3 of epithelium
3= affects more than 2/3 of epithelium
what is the biggest rf for rectocele?
straining due to constipation
what do you always prescribe with opiates and why
laxative for constipation
what infection is most likely to cause a paediatric febrile seizure and why?
roseola infantum
the fever is fast rising
what condition in paeds is HHV 6 infection associated with?
roseola infantum
when does transient tachypnoea of the newborn present?
2hrs-72hrs then resolves
what is first line medication for delirium tremens?
oral lorazepam
what nerves are affected in erbs palsy?
C5-C6
what imaging is used for pyloric stenosis?
abdo US
what electrolyte and pH abnormality is seen in pyloric stenosis?
metabolic hypochloraemic hypokalemic alkalosis
what is used to mx meningitis caused by nisseria?
IV ceftriaxone
what is first line mx in PCOS?
weight loss
when does the 3rd stage of labour start and end?
start= after delivery of foetus
end= expulsion of placenta and membranes
what does cottage cheese discharge indicate?
vulvovaginal candidiasis
how is vulvovaginal candidiasis treated?
clotrimazole cream or pessary
at what GA should twins be delivered by c section?
37 weeks
what ECG change is seen most commonly in anorexia nervosa?
prolonged QT interval
what feature of tetralogy of fallot determines the severity?
pulmonary stenosis
what clinical findings will coarctation of the aorta cause?
weak femoral pulses
mid systolic murmur heard best in between scapulae
what murmur is associated with turners syndrome?
mid systolic murmur heard best in between scapulae
what abx are used to mx meningitis in hospital?
penicillin or 3rd gen cephalosporin
specifics depend on local guidelines
what 2 things are applied to the cervix during colposcopy?
acetic acid
iodine
how might a symptomatic imperforate hymen present?
a young girl who hasn’t menstrauted yet (but is having her first period)
worsening abdo pain, bloating
blue bulging membrane seen overlying the vagina
when do you admit a child with croup?
any sign of respiratory distress
whats the moa of naloxone?
opiod receptor antagonist
how do you differentiate schizoaffective disorder from mania with psychosis?
schizoaffective= needs periods of depression as well as mania, features of schizophrenia and affective changes without qualifying for a diagnosis of both of those
how do you differentiate delusional perception from thought insertion?
thought insertion= thoughts are inserted directly into the mind ie telepathically
delusional perception= thoughts come from incorrect perceptions of physical things eg newspapers/ radio
what bloods do you need to check before starting someone on lithium and why?
TFTs
lithium somehow inhibits thyroid hormone causing hypothyroidism
what 2 cancers need to be assessed for in PMB and how?
endometrial= TVUS
cervical= colposcopy
what test should a pre menopausal women with PV bleeding have?
chlamydia
what type of bacteria is bordetella pertussis?
gram negative cocobacillus
whats the aetiology behind antiphospholipid syndrome causing recurrent miscarriage?
the antibodies= hypercoagulable state
insufficient placental development due to thrombi in placental vessels
when might it be ok if a child isnt walking by 18 months?
if they bottom shuffle
what abx are used to treat PID?
third gen cephalosporin eg doxy of ceftraixone with or without metronidazole
what is a missed miscarriage?
when the foetus is dead but in utero (not expelled)
often asymptomatic
