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w/c 11/03 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the kleihauer test

A

measures the circulating level of rh d antigen in maternal blood to see how much anti D IG is needed to be given

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2
Q

whats the most common cause of paediatric nephrotic syndrome?

A

minimal change disease

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3
Q

what ix are done for minimal change disease?

A

urine dipstick
kidney biopsy

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4
Q

how is minimal change disease mx?

A

corticocteroids
fluid restriction
low salt/protein diet

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5
Q

how do you differentiate FSGS and minimal change disease?

A

FSGS doesnt respond well to steroids

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6
Q

what is sudden foetal bradycardia without pain suggestive of?

A

cord prolapse

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7
Q

what test is done to check a woman has ovulated? when is it done?

A

mid luteal progesterone
measure 7 days before end of cycle (doesnt necessarily need to be day 21 as not all women have a 28 day cycle)

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8
Q

how is overactive bladder syndrome mx?

A

1st line= bladder retraining, diary, lifestyle measures
2nd line= oxybutynin

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9
Q

what is lithium toxicity associated with?

A

dehydration due to gastroenteritis
diarrhoea

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10
Q

how do you differentiate simple febrile seizure from complex

A

simple= 1 seizure over the course of 1 febrile illness
complex= more than one seizure over the space of 24 hrs

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11
Q

which HPV is associated with biggest risk of cervical cancer?

A

16
18

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12
Q

whats 1st line mx for postpartum depression?

A

CBT

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13
Q

whats the difference between 3a/3b/3c tears?

A

3a= less than 50% of the external anal sphincter is affected
3b= more than 50% of the external anal sphincter is affected
3c= external and internal sphincters have been torn

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14
Q

whats the status of the internal anal sphincter in a 3a/3b/3c tear?

A

3a and 3b= internal anal sphincter in tact
3c= internal anal sphincter torn

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15
Q

what organism causes hand foot and mouth disease?

A

coxsackie virus a16

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16
Q

what side effect of clozapine is important to investigate and how is this done?

A

agranulocytosis
ix with FBC

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17
Q

what condition does rupture of membranes followed by bleeding in pregnancy suggest?

A

vasa praevia

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18
Q

when do you operate on a fibroid?

A

if its symptomatic and greater than 3 cm

19
Q

what is fregoli delusion?

A

a patient believes everyone they meet is the same person under different disguises

20
Q

why is folic acid taken during pregnancy

A

to prevent neural tube defects

21
Q

what imaging is used for pyloric stenosis?

A

US abdo

22
Q

what are first line benzos with route of admission in paediatric status?

A

buccal midazolam OR rectal diazepam

23
Q

describe the typical course of physiological jaundice

A

appears at day 2-4
bilirubin raised but not massively
resolves in 1-2 weeks

24
Q

what does of anti D is given to women when one injection is administered? at what GA

A

1500IU
28 weeks GA

25
Q

can you have vaginal delivery in placenta praevia?

A

no- risk of haemorrhage is high
if placenta is more than 20 mm from the cervical os a trial of labour can be offered
note: give corticosteroids if there is pre term bleeding incase of delivery

26
Q

what are signs of paediatric resp distress?

A

nasal flaring
use of accessory muscles
subcostal and intercostal recessions
raised RR
tracheal tug
abnormal airway noises

27
Q

how do you differentiate preseptal and orbital cellulitis?

A

preseptal= no optical sx
orbital= optical sx

28
Q

how does CMV infection during pregnancy manifest in the foetus?

A

LBW
microcephaly
jaundice
seizures
petechial rash

29
Q

hows does foetal alcohol syndrome present?

A

microcephaly
short palpable fissures
hypoplastic upper lip
absent philtrum
reduced IQ
cardiac abnormalities

30
Q

how does maternal cigarette use affect the pregnancy?

A

IUGR
still birth
miscarriage
placental abruption

31
Q

how does toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy manifest in the foetus?

A

neuro conditions= cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hydrocephalus
learning disability
visual impairment
hearing loss

32
Q

how does rubella infection during pregnancy manifest in the foetus?

A

cataracts
microcephaly
LBW
blueberry rash

33
Q

how can you differentiate germ cell from epithelial cell ovarian tumors?

A

germ cell= younger patients, AFP and bHCG rasied
epithelial cell= older patients, AFP and bHCG normal

34
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

XY (male karyotype) than doesnt respond to androgens
manifests as a female looking patient with breast development but lack of female genetalia- may have a blind ended/short vagina

35
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

usually presents at birth with severe sx- metabolic imbalance and ambiguous genetalia
later in life= primary amenorrhoea, facial hair, acne

36
Q

how can you differentiate androgen insensitivity syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

androgen insensitivity= no female genetalia, presents later in life
congenital adrenal hyperplasia= presents sooner, male characteristics, ambiguous genetalia

37
Q

what complications are pregnanct women with diabetes more at risk of?

A

microvascular
nephropathy causing pre eclampsia is the most common reason for pre term delivery

38
Q

whats another name for pre septal cellulitis

A

peri orbital cellulitis

39
Q

what enzyme is deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

21 alpha hydroxylase

40
Q

what electrolyte abnormalities do you get in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and why

A

hyponatraemia
hyperkalemia
this is known as a salt wasting crisis

due to lack of aldosterone (21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency), which is responsible for salt reabsorption and potassium secretion

41
Q

what class of medications are used for alzheimers disease?

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

42
Q

what generation antipsychotics cause hyperprolactinaemia?

A

first

43
Q

what medication switch can be done to reduce hyperprolactinaemia from antipsychotics?

A

aripripazole
antipsychotic that has lowest risk of hyperprolactinaemia

44
Q
A

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