Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of movements?

A
  • Involuntary actions - reflexes
  • Semi-automatic actions
  • Voluntary actions
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2
Q

What are characteristics of semi-automatic actions?

A

‘Voluntary’; but you don’t have to think about them
* Often, they are repeated movement sequences

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3
Q

What are examples of semi-automatic actions?

A

chewing, walking, breathing

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4
Q

What is a basic structure of a neuron?

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
axon terminals

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5
Q

What are central pattern generators (CPG)?

A

collections of neurones that have rhymes outputs that will influence motor patterns of particular muscle groups

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6
Q

What can control CPGs?

A

higher control neurones

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7
Q

What are characteristics of voluntary actions?

A
  • Self-initiated
  • Purposeful - goal directed
  • Learned
  • Improved with practice
  • Adaptable
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8
Q

Where does the motor cortex lie?

A

next to primary sensory cortex
anterior to central sulcus

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9
Q

What are the areas of spinal white matter?

A

dorsal funiculus
lateral funiculus
ventral funiculus

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10
Q

What is the descending pathway of voluntary movement of the face called?

A

corticobulbar pathway

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11
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the pons?

A

trigeminal, facial

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12
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the medulla?

A

vagus, hypoglossal

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13
Q

What is the descending pathway of voluntary movement of the body called?

A

corticospinal pathway

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14
Q

What is the main differences between the corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways?

A

corticospinal pathway descends further and crosses over to the opposite at the level of the medulla

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15
Q

What is the crossing over of axons called?

A

pyramidal decussation

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16
Q

What percentage of axons cross over at the level of the medulla and not below?

17
Q

What is the region in which axons cross over called?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

18
Q

What is the region in which 15% of axons that cross over at effector spinal regions reside in? (to mid thoracic spinal cord only)

A

anterior corticospinal tract

19
Q

Where do pathways controlling faraway muscles originate?

A

opposite side of the brain

20
Q

What can damage (stroke, lesion) to the upper motors cause?

A

no voluntary movement however reflex pathway still intact as it does not interact with upper neurone

21
Q

What can damage (peripheral nerve injury) to the lower motors cause?

A

no movement at all

22
Q

What regions of the brain can the additional descending projections arise from?

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem

23
Q

What actions can these additional regions support?

A
  • Serve to co-ordinate movements
  • Help maintain posture / balance
  • Help integrate actions of several muscles
24
Q

What are the three action selection centres of the basal ganglia?

A

corpus striatum
sub-thalamic nuclei
substantia nigra

25
What is the corpus stratum composed of?
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus
26
What is Parkinson's disease caused by?
damage to substantia nigra
27
What is Huntington's disease cause by?
damage to corpus striatum
28
What is hypokinetic?
lack of movement
29
What are characteristics of Parkinson's disease?
* Hypokinetic disorder Resting tremor (paralysis agitans) * Lack of movement * ‘Mask-like’ face * Difficulty initiating movements due to dopamine deficiency in substantia nigra
30
What is hyperkinetic?
increase in movements
31
What are characteristics of Huntington's disease?
* Hyperkinetic disorder * Excessive, uncontrolled movements * Imbalance of neurotransmitters – Decreased levels of GABA * Some may have a genetic basis affects the corpus straitum
32
What are roles of the cerebellum?
* Important in co-ordinating movements * Regulates actions of antagonistic muscle groups * Important in maintaining balance - receives inputs from proprioceptors * Acts to compare actual performance with what is intended
33
What will swaying forward slightly do to posture?
The stretch reflex evoked will pull the subject back to the vertical position
34
What is upright posture maintained by?
smaller correcting actions