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Physiology 1 > Voluntary Movement > Flashcards

Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of movements?

A
  • Involuntary actions - reflexes
  • Semi-automatic actions
  • Voluntary actions
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2
Q

What are characteristics of semi-automatic actions?

A

‘Voluntary’; but you don’t have to think about them
* Often, they are repeated movement sequences

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3
Q

What are examples of semi-automatic actions?

A

chewing, walking, breathing

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4
Q

What is a basic structure of a neuron?

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
axon terminals

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5
Q

What are central pattern generators (CPG)?

A

collections of neurones that have rhymes outputs that will influence motor patterns of particular muscle groups

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6
Q

What can control CPGs?

A

higher control neurones

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7
Q

What are characteristics of voluntary actions?

A
  • Self-initiated
  • Purposeful - goal directed
  • Learned
  • Improved with practice
  • Adaptable
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8
Q

Where does the motor cortex lie?

A

next to primary sensory cortex
anterior to central sulcus

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9
Q

What are the areas of spinal white matter?

A

dorsal funiculus
lateral funiculus
ventral funiculus

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10
Q

What is the descending pathway of voluntary movement of the face called?

A

corticobulbar pathway

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11
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the pons?

A

trigeminal, facial

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12
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the medulla?

A

vagus, hypoglossal

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13
Q

What is the descending pathway of voluntary movement of the body called?

A

corticospinal pathway

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14
Q

What is the main differences between the corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways?

A

corticospinal pathway descends further and crosses over to the opposite at the level of the medulla

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15
Q

What is the crossing over of axons called?

A

pyramidal decussation

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16
Q

What percentage of axons cross over at the level of the medulla and not below?

A

85%

17
Q

What is the region in which axons cross over called?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

18
Q

What is the region in which 15% of axons that cross over at effector spinal regions reside in? (to mid thoracic spinal cord only)

A

anterior corticospinal tract

19
Q

Where do pathways controlling faraway muscles originate?

A

opposite side of the brain

20
Q

What can damage (stroke, lesion) to the upper motors cause?

A

no voluntary movement however reflex pathway still intact as it does not interact with upper neurone

21
Q

What can damage (peripheral nerve injury) to the lower motors cause?

A

no movement at all

22
Q

What regions of the brain can the additional descending projections arise from?

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem

23
Q

What actions can these additional regions support?

A
  • Serve to co-ordinate movements
  • Help maintain posture / balance
  • Help integrate actions of several muscles
24
Q

What are the three action selection centres of the basal ganglia?

A

corpus striatum
sub-thalamic nuclei
substantia nigra

25
Q

What is the corpus stratum composed of?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

26
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease caused by?

A

damage to substantia nigra

27
Q

What is Huntington’s disease cause by?

A

damage to corpus striatum

28
Q

What is hypokinetic?

A

lack of movement

29
Q

What are characteristics of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Hypokinetic disorder
    Resting tremor (paralysis agitans)
  • Lack of movement
  • ‘Mask-like’ face
  • Difficulty initiating movements due to dopamine deficiency in substantia nigra
30
Q

What is hyperkinetic?

A

increase in movements

31
Q

What are characteristics of Huntington’s disease?

A
  • Hyperkinetic disorder
  • Excessive, uncontrolled movements
  • Imbalance of neurotransmitters – Decreased levels of GABA
  • Some may have a genetic basis
    affects the corpus straitum
32
Q

What are roles of the cerebellum?

A
  • Important in co-ordinating movements
  • Regulates actions of antagonistic muscle groups
  • Important in maintaining balance
  • receives inputs from proprioceptors
  • Acts to compare actual performance with what is intended
33
Q

What will swaying forward slightly do to posture?

A

The stretch reflex evoked will pull the subject back to the vertical position

34
Q

What is upright posture maintained by?

A

smaller correcting actions

Physiology 1 (25 decks)

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