Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

Are reflexes voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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2
Q

How many synapses do stretch reflexes make?

A

usually only one -monosynaptic

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3
Q

What is the common final motor pathway?

A

recruitment of motor neurones

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4
Q

Where can motor cell bodies be found?

A

ventral horn of spinal cord (somatic)
brainstem (cranial nerves)

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5
Q

What can motor neurones be activated by?

A

various brain regions (cortex)
various peripheral receptors due to reflex

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6
Q

What are the intrafusal muscle fibres wrapped in?

A

sensory endings

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7
Q

What do the sensory nerve endings (mechanoreceptors) fuse together to form?

A

a-Alpha axons

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8
Q

What are the steps of the spinal reflex pathway? (knee jerk)

A
  • Stimulus (hammer to knee)
  • Receptor activation (mechanoreceptor- sensory endings around intrafusal muscles)
  • Stimulus transduction
    AP conduction along sensory axon (Aa)
  • Synaptic transmission in the spine
  • Motor neuron recruitment
    AP conduction along motor axon (Aa)
  • Synaptic transmission
    (Effector recruitment )

Response (knee contract and lifts up)

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9
Q

What muscles are stretched in the jaw-jerk reflex?

A

jaw elevators - temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter

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10
Q

Why is the latency for the jaw jerk reflex shorter than for the ankle jerk reflex?

A

the neural pathway for the jaw jerk reflex is shorter than that for the ankle jerk

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11
Q

What is the amplitude?

A

Measure of electrical activity in skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Why is the amplitude for the jaw jerk reflex less than for the ankle jerk reflex?

A

Masseter = smaller muscle than gastrocnemius
Recruitment of muscle fibrils in masseter less than for gastrocnemius
Smaller amplitude of response

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13
Q

What receptors and nerve fibres do tendon-jerk reflexes include?

A

Proprioceceptor endings
Group 1alpha muscle afferents

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14
Q

Why are protective mechanisms of somatic reflexes important?

A
  • Escape mechanism
  • Prevention of muscle overloading
  • Prevention of inadvertent ingestion of a foreign body
  • Digestive aid
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15
Q

How many synapses does a flexion withdrawal reflex have?

A

two synapses (disynaptic)

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16
Q

In the flexion withdrawal reflex, what prevents instant reflex which may cause further harm via inhibition (i.e not throw pot of boiling water)?

A

interneuron which allows momentary control over situation and inhibits harmful action

17
Q

In the flexion withdrawl reflex, what are two responses that can occur?

A

can inhibit or stimulus different spinal regions through many inter-neurons to maintain balance or protect against further injury

18
Q

What triggers the flexion withdrawl reflex?

A

pain (mechanical or heat)

19
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

A

proprioceptors that are located in the tendon

20
Q

What are inverse stretch reflexes?

A

golgi tendon organs activated by stretch and contraction
afferent signals cause inhibiton of motor neurons
prevents overloading of muscle

21
Q

Does an increase in synapses affect latency?

A

yes more synapses increased latency

22
Q

What protects the mouth from increased bite force?

A

no golgi tendon organs therefore controlled by increased periodontal loading which sends afferent signals which inhibit elevation of jaw muscles

23
Q

What does anaesthetisation of molars cause?

A

increased bite force as periodontal ligament cannot send feedback loop

24
Q

Where do interneurones project in the pharyngeal reflex to cause mass contraction?

A

nucleus ambigious (motor control)

25
What does the gag (pharyngeal) reflex result in?
billateral contraction of posterior oral and pharyngeal muscles
26
What nerve fibres are stimulated upon activation of sensory mechanoreceptors? (gag reflex)
glossopharyngeal trigeminal
27
What stimuli can affect salivary flow?
Gustatory (taste) stimuli Visual, olfactory stimuli Chewing forces