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Physiology 1 > Arteries, Veins and Peripheral Resistance > Flashcards

Arteries, Veins and Peripheral Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the circulatory system?

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.

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2
Q

What is after load?

A

it is the force the heart must overcome to push blood into the arteries

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3
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

the force the heart generates with each contraction to overcome arterial pressure

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4
Q

What are the equations of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP = DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure
MAP = CO x TPR

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5
Q

What are the factors that influence pulse pressure?

A

stroke volume
compliance of arteries
ejection velocity

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6
Q

What connective tissue is present is arteries?

A

elastic

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7
Q

What muscle is present in arteries and what layer is it mostly located?

A

smooth muscle
tunica media

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8
Q

What are the major areas of the aorta?

A

ascending
arch
descending thoracic
descending abdominal

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9
Q

What is the size of small arteries?

A

<2mm

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10
Q

What do capillaries form?

A

large networks

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11
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

1 cell thick for optimal exchange

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12
Q

What do capillary walls lack?

A

tunica media, tunica adventitia

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13
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

A

veins have larger diameter and lumen
thinner walls
lower pressure
valves to prevent back flow

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14
Q

What prevents backwards flow of blood in veins?

A

valves

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15
Q

What type of muscle do blood vessels contain?

A

smooth

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16
Q

How much blood do veins contain at low pressure?

A

70%

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17
Q

What can cause varicose veins (distended -swollen or large)?

A

weakened vein walls or valves

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18
Q

What do weakened vein walls or valves cause?

A

turbulent blood flow

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19
Q

What are the 3 wall layers all vessels share except capillaries?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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20
Q

What do endothelial cells form?

A

the inner lining of vessels (tunica intima)

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21
Q

What do endothelial cells play an important role in?

A

local BP
provide friction free surface for blood
regulate permeability of vessels
regulation of platelet function and fibrinolysis
promote vessel formation (angiogenesis)

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22
Q

What is the structure of the tunica intima?

A

single line of endothelial cells attached to basement membrane
underlaying layer of extracellular matrix
then internal elastic lamina

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23
Q

What is the structure of the tunica media?

A

layers of elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells (proportion depends on artery type-muscular or elastic)
enables vessel contraction and relaxation

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24
Q

What is the structure of the tunica adventitia?

A

external elastic lamina (separates media)
thick connective tissue (collagen +elastin)
nerve fibres, lymphatics
in larger arteries vasa vasorum

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25
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

small arterioles that perfuse the media (vessels of vessels)

26
Q

What is vascular compliance?

A

ability of a blood vessel to expand and recoil as a response to changes in pressure

27
Q

What is the equation of compliance?

A

changes in volume / changes in pressure

28
Q

What is an example of arterial compliance?

A

arterial wall will expand to accommodate ventricular stoke volume

29
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

a chronic condition in which arteries harden and narrow through build-up of plaques. (plaque contains lipids, fibrous)

30
Q

What can decreased compliance increase?

A

pulse pressure

31
Q

What is local control of BP?

A

alteration of small artery and arterioles resistance

32
Q

What are hormones that cause local control of BP?

A

adrenaline
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
angiotensin

33
Q

Where is adrenaline released from and where does it bind to most?

A

adrenal medulla and beta 2 receptors

34
Q

How does ANP cause vasodilation?

A

increasing sodium ion excretion by the kidneys
increasing water loss by urine
therefore reduced blood volume

35
Q

Describe the Renin-Anginotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS)

A

1-reduced blood flow to kidney is detected by receptors in juxta-golmerular granular cells causing release of renin

2-renin acts on circulating angioteninogen produced by liver to convert it to anginotensin 1

3- ACE enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which is a potent vasoconstrictor

4 -angiotensin 2 promotes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

5 -aldosterone stimulates Na+ and water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule which increases blood volume

36
Q

What are examples of ace inhibiting drugs?

A

captopril
enalapril

37
Q

What is an example of a angiotensin 2 receptor blocker?

A

losartan

38
Q

What vasodilators do endothelial cells release?

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)
Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin)

39
Q

What hormone does angiotensin 2 promote release of?

A

antidiuretic hormone which causes vasoconstriction in V1 SMC

40
Q

What vasoconstrictors do endothelial cells release?

A

Endothelin 1 (ET-1)
Thromboxane A2)

41
Q

What is shear stress?

A

the force of blood flowing on endothelial layer

42
Q

What can shear stress cause?

A

release of vasodilators from endothelial cells

43
Q

How does shear stress occur?

A

blood travelling at different velocities in a blood vessels

44
Q

What can alterations in homeostatic conditions (physiologic or pathologic) cause?

A

adaptation or disease of blood vessel

45
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

terminal arterioles that don’t have a layer of smooth muscle, but instead smooth muscle fibres surrounding the vessels intermittently

46
Q

What is the branch site of the met arterioles surrounded by?

A

pre-capillary sphincters that contract and relax in response to metabolic factors

47
Q

What pressure forces fluid from intercellular space to interstitial space?

A

hydrostatic

48
Q

What pressure forces fluid from interstitial space to intercellular space?

A

osmotic

49
Q

What is colloid pressure dependant on?

A

movement of proteins

50
Q

What does negative net filtration mean?

A

net fluid absorption from interstitial space to capillaries

51
Q

What can build up of fluid in tissues lead up to?

A

oedema

52
Q

What flows through the lymphatic system?

A

lymph

53
Q

Can lymph vessels contract?

A

yes

54
Q

What is the lymphatic system made from?

A

lymph nodes, and lymph vessels

55
Q

What does the lymphatic system do to excess fluid?

A

return it to circulation

56
Q

What does the lymphatic system play a central role in controlling?

A

concentration of proteins in interstitial fluid
volume of interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid pressure

57
Q

What are pulmonary hydrostatic pressures lower than?

A

systemic hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

What pressure is equivalent in both systemic and pulmonary?

A

colloid

59
Q

What can pulmonary oedema be caused by?

A

heart failure
high altitudes
lung damage
adult respiratory distress syndrome

60
Q

Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus?

A

ADH

61
Q

What is responsible for moving absorbed fat?

A

lymphatic system

Physiology 1 (25 decks)

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